代谢
Trichothecenes是一组主要由Fusarium属真菌产生的霉菌毒素。消费者特别关注来自食用动物的食物安全和T-2毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)、镰刀菌烯-X(FX)、二乙酰氧基香豆素(DAS)、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-aDON)和15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-aDON)及其代谢物在啮齿类动物、猪、反刍动物、家禽和人体内的代谢情况。这些霉菌毒素的代谢途径非常不同。T-2毒素在动物体内的主要代谢途径是水解、羟基化、脱环氧化和结合。转化为HT-2毒素后,它在C-3'位置进一步羟基化,生成3'-羟基-HT-2毒素,这被认为是一种活化途径,而T-2毒素转化为T-2四醇是一种动物体内的失活途径。T-2毒素在动物体内的典型代谢物是HT-2毒素、T-2三醇、T-2四醇、新鞘氨醇(NEO)、3'-羟基-HT-2和3'-羟基-T-2,而在人体内HT-2毒素是主要代谢物。脱环氧化是动物体内解毒的重要途径。脱环氧产物DOM-1和脱环氧-NIV分别是大多数动物体内DON和NIV的主要代谢物。然而,这两种代谢物在人体内并未发现。乙酰衍生物3-aDON、15-aDON和FX上的脱乙酰作用可以迅速发生。DAS在动物体内代谢为15-单乙酰氧基香豆素(15-MAS)通过C-4脱乙酰化,然后转化为香豆三醇(SCP)通过C-15脱乙酰化。最后,环氧基团丢失,产生脱环氧-SCP。脱环氧-15-MAS也是DAS的主要代谢物。15-MAS是人类皮肤中的主要代谢物。对Trichothecenes代谢的综述将有助于人们深入了解这些毒素在动物和人体内的未来命运,并为食品安全的风险评估提供基本信息。
Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and food safety of trichothecenes and their metabolites from food-producing animals. The metabolism of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol (3-aDON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-aDON) in rodents, swine, ruminants, poultry, and humans are reviewed in this article. Metabolic pathways of these mycotoxins are very different. The major metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin in animals are hydrolysis, hydroxylation, de-epoxidation, and conjugation. After being transformed to HT-2 toxin, it undergoes further hydroxylation at C-3' to yield 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin, which is considered as an activation pathway, whereas transformation from T-2 to T-2 tetraol is an inactivation pathway in animals. The typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, neosolaniol (NEO), 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, and 3'-hydroxy-T-2, whereas HT-2 toxin is the main metabolite in humans. De-epoxidation is an important pathway for detoxification in animals. De-epoxy products, DOM-1, and de-epoxy-NIV are the main metabolites of DON and NIV in most animals, respectively. However, the two metabolites are not found in humans. Deacetyl can occur rapidly on the acetyl derivatives, 3-aDON, 15-aDON, and FX. DAS is metabolized in animals to 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS) via C-4 deacetylation and then transformed to scirpentriol (SCP) via C-15 deacetylation. Finally, the epoxy is lost, yielding de-epoxy-SCP. De-epoxy-15-MAS is also the main metabolite of DAS. 15-MAS is the main metabolite in human skin. The review on the metabolism of trichothecenes will help one to well understand the fate of these toxins' future in animals and humans, as well as provide basic information for the risk assessment of them for food safety.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)