Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as indican are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病，包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
[EN] CROSS-LINKING COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE RÉTICULATION ET PROCÉDÉS D'UTILISATION
申请人：UNIV NORTH CAROLINA STATE
公开号：WO2021016537A1
公开（公告）日：2021-01-28
Compounds comprising a cross-linking moiety and a protecting group are described herein along with their methods of use. The cross-linking moiety may comprise an indoxyl and the protecting group may comprise a sugar (e.g., a glucuronide or glucoside), phosphoester, or sulfoester group. The cross-linking moiety and protecting group may be attached to each other via an oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or linker. In some embodiments, the linker attaching the cross-linking moiety and protecting group is a self-immolative linker. A compound of the present invention may cross-link under physiological conditions and/or in vivo.
Elucidating Cysteine-Assisted Synthesis of Indirubin by a Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase
作者：Joonwon Kim、Jeongchan Lee、Pyung-Gang Lee、Eun-Jung Kim、Wolfgang Kroutil、Byung-gee Kim
DOI：10.1021/acscatal.9b02613
日期：2019.10.4
inhibiting the dimerization of indoxyl. Second, the reducing power of cysteine allows MaFMO to additionally hydroxylate indoxyl toward isatin, overcoming the problem in biased distribution of two different precursors. Third, cysteine activates isatin to react with 2-cysteinylindoleninone to form indirubin. Based on this revealed mechanism, indirubin derivatives with different indole ring components were synthesized
Compositions and methods for enhanced mucosal delivery of Y2 receptor-binding peptides and methods for treating and preventing obesity
申请人：Nastech Pharmaceutical Company Inc.
公开号：US20040157777A1
公开（公告）日：2004-08-12
Pharmaceutical compositions and methods are described comprising at least one Y2 receptor-binding peptide, such as peptide YY(PYY), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or Pancreatic Peptide (PP) and one or more mucosal delivery-enhancing agents for enhanced nasal mucosal delivery of the peptide YY, for treating a variety of diseases and conditions in mammalian subjects, including obesity.
Intranasal administration of glucose-regulating peptides
申请人：Quay C. Steven
公开号：US20050143303A1
公开（公告）日：2005-06-30
Pharmaceutical compositions and methods are described comprising at least one glucose-regulating peptide, such as amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP), pramlintide or exendin-4 and one or more mucosal delivery-enhancing agents for enhanced nasal mucosal delivery of the amylin, for treating a variety of diseases and conditions in mammalian subjects, including obesity and diabetes mellitus.
The present invention relates to methods for producing glucosides directly from glucose or a polysaccharide comprising glucose as a structural unit. The present invention provides a method comprising reacting glucose or a polysaccharide comprising glucose as a structural unit with a compound represented by R—OH in the presence of a supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide to produce glucosides and a method comprising dissolving or suspending glucose or a polysaccharide comprising glucose as a structural unit in an organic solvent containing a compound represent by R—OH and reacting the glucose or polysaccharide with the compound represented by R—OH in the presence of a supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide to produce glucosides.
