Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构名录）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病，包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
安全信息
危险品标志：
Xi
安全说明：
S24/25,S26,S36
危险类别码：
R36/37/38
WGK Germany：
3
海关编码：
29349990,2933990090
文献信息
Method for detecting Escherichia coli in a sample
申请人：3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
公开号：US10023898B2
公开（公告）日：2018-07-17
A method of detecting Listeria monocytogenes. The method comprises providing a culture device with a selective culture medium and a detection article comprising a first indicator system. The selective culture medium facilitates the growth of Listeria microorganisms. When a Listeria microorganism is detected in a sample contacted with the culture medium, the detection article is contacted with the culture medium to detect Listeria monocytogenes.
Method for detecting a Shigella or Cronobacter microorganism
申请人：3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
公开号：US10619181B2
公开（公告）日：2020-04-14
A method of detecting a Shigella or Cronobacter microorganism. The method comprises providing a culture device with a selective culture medium and a detection article comprising a first indicator system.
Automated imaging and harvesting of colonies on thin film culture devices
申请人：3M Innovative Properties Company
公开号：US20020110906A1
公开（公告）日：2002-08-15
Thin film culture devices are described that have positioning structures, as well as methods for harvesting cells from colonies on the culture device based on location of colonies on the device relative to the positioning structures. In addition, a computer readable medium encoded with a computer program is described that identifies position of colonies relative to the positioning structures.
