Pyridinium cationic-dimer antimalarials, unlike chloroquine, act selectively between the schizont stage and the ring stage of Plasmodium falciparum
摘要:
Malaria is a leading cause of death in developing countries, and the emergence of strains resistant to the main therapeutic agent, chloroquine, has become a serious problem. We have developed cationic-dimer type antimalarials, MAP-610 and PMAP-H10, which are structurally different from chloroquine. In this study, we introduced several substituents on the terminal phenyl rings of PMAP-H10. The electronic and hydrophobic properties of the substituents were correlated with the antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds, respectively. Studies with synchronized cultures of malarial plasmodia showed that our cationic-dimers act selectively between the schizont stage and the ring stage of the parasitic cycle, unlike chloroquine, which has a stage-independent action. Thus, the mechanism of action of our antimalarials appears to be different from that of chloroquine, and our compounds may be effective against chloroquine-resistant strains. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Nickel-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Amides with (Hetero)aryl Electrophiles by Using a DBU/NaTFA Dual-Base System
作者:Mark Stradiotto、Travis Lundrigan、Joseph P. Tassone
DOI:10.1055/a-1337-6459
日期:2021.10
The first nickel-catalyzed N-arylation of amides with (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides employing an organic amine base is described. When using Ni(COD)2/CyPAd-DalPhos catalyst mixtures in combination with DBU/NaTFA as a dual-base system, a diversity of (hetero)arylchloride, bromide, tosylate, and mesylate electrophiles were successfully cross-coupled with structurally varied primary amides, as well as
Aryl halides and triflates are coupled with primary amides to give the corresponding arylamines in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a suitable ligand, and a base. The catalyst system performs well for a large number of different substrates at 100-150 degrees C without solvent, and with low catalyst levels (0.12 mol% Pd). Nicotinamide might be useful as a nitrogen source in the Pd-catalyzed amination reaction. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nickel-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Primary Amides and Lactams with Activated (Hetero)aryl Electrophiles
作者:Christopher M. Lavoie、Preston M. MacQueen、Mark Stradiotto
DOI:10.1002/chem.201605095
日期:2016.12.23
The first nickel‐catalyzed N‐arylation of amides with (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides is reported, enabled by use of the air‐stable pre‐catalyst (PAd‐DalPhos)Ni(o‐tolyl)Cl (C1). A range of structurally diverse primary amides and lactams were cross‐coupled successfully with activated (hetero)aryl chloride, bromide, triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and sulfamate electrophiles.
Malaria is a leading cause of death in developing countries, and the emergence of strains resistant to the main therapeutic agent, chloroquine, has become a serious problem. We have developed cationic-dimer type antimalarials, MAP-610 and PMAP-H10, which are structurally different from chloroquine. In this study, we introduced several substituents on the terminal phenyl rings of PMAP-H10. The electronic and hydrophobic properties of the substituents were correlated with the antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds, respectively. Studies with synchronized cultures of malarial plasmodia showed that our cationic-dimers act selectively between the schizont stage and the ring stage of the parasitic cycle, unlike chloroquine, which has a stage-independent action. Thus, the mechanism of action of our antimalarials appears to be different from that of chloroquine, and our compounds may be effective against chloroquine-resistant strains. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.