| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | (+/-)-2r,8,8,4bc-Tetramethyl-2t-formyl-(4atH,8atH)-2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-dodecahydro-phenanthren, (+/-)-13β-Methyl-podocarpen-(8(14))-13α-carboxaldehyd | 95523-21-0 | C19H30O | 274.447 |
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | (+)-ent-3β-hydroxyisopimara-8(14),15-diene | 30294-96-3 | C20H32O | 288.473 |
所有高等植物都含有一种ent-kaurene氧化酶(KO),因此需要一个细胞色素P450(CYP)701家族成员来进行赤霉素(GA)植物激素的生物合成。虽然GA生物合成衍生的二萜合成酶的基因扩张和功能多样化已经得到证明,但以前尚未发现功能分化的KO/CYP701同源物。水稻(Oryza sativa)的基因组中包含五个CYP701A亚家族成员,尽管仅有一个(OsKO2/CYP701A6)用于GA生物合成。在这里,我们证明了其他水稻CYP701A亚家族成员之一,OsKOL4/CYP701A8,不会催化ent-kaurene C4α-甲基的原型转化为羧酸,而是在许多相关二萜中在附近的C3α位置进行羟化。特别是,在OsKO2催化ent-kaurene转化为GA生物合成所需的ent-kaurenoic酸的预期转化的条件下,OsKOL4则有效地与ent-sandaracopimaradiene和ent-cassadiene反应,产生相应的C3α-羟基化二萜。这些化合物预计是水稻抗真菌植物次生代谢物oryzalexin和phytocassane家族的生物合成中间体,可以在适当条件下检测到水稻植物中。因此,看来OsKOL4在水稻更为专业的二萜代谢中扮演着一种角色,我们的结果提供了KO/CYP701家族成员从GA生物合成中分化的证据。这进一步扩大了从祖先GA主要途径中招募的酶范围,以适应水稻中发现的更复杂和专业的labdane相关二萜代谢网络。
The evolution of natural product biosynthetic pathways can be envisioned to occur via a number of mechanisms. In the present study we provide evidence that latent plasticity plays a role in such metabolic evolution. In particular, rice (Oryza sativa) produces both ent- and syn-CPP (copalyl diphosphate), which are substrates for downstream diterpene synthases. In the present paper we report that several members of this enzymatic family exhibit dual reactivity with some pairing of ent-, syn- or normal CPP stereochemistry. Evident plasticity was observed, as a previously reported ent-sandaracopimaradiene synthase also converts syn-CPP into syn-labda-8(17),12E,14-triene, which can be found in planta. Notably, normal CPP is not naturally found in rice. Thus the presence of diterpene synthases that react with this non-native metabolite reveals latent enzymatic/metabolic plasticity, providing biochemical capacity for utilization of such a novel substrate (i.e. normal CPP) which may arise during evolution, the implications of which are discussed.
Natural products biosynthesis often requires the action of multiple CYPs (cytochromes P450), whose ability to introduce oxygen, increasing solubility, is critical for imparting biological activity. In previous investigations of rice diterpenoid biosynthesis, we characterized CYPs that catalyse alternative hydroxylation of ent-sandaracopimaradiene, the precursor to the rice oryzalexin antibiotic phytoalexins. In particular, CYP76M5, CYP76M6 and CYP76M8 were all shown to carry out C-7β hydroxylation, whereas CYP701A8 catalyses C-3α hydroxylation, with oxy groups found at both positions in oryzalexins A–D, suggesting that these may act consecutively in oryzalexin biosynthesis. In the present paper, we report that, although CYP701A8 only poorly reacts with 7β-hydroxy-ent-sandaracopimaradiene, CYP76M6 and CYP76M8 readily react with 3α-hydroxy-ent-sandaracopimaradiene. Notably, their activity yields distinct products, resulting from hydroxylation at C-9β by CYP76M6 or C-7β by CYP76M8, on different sides of the core tricyclic ring structure. Thus CYP76M6 and CYP76M8 have distinct non-redundant roles in orzyalexin biosynthesis. Moreover, the resulting 3α,7β- and 3α,9β-diols correspond to oryzalexins D and E respectively. Accordingly, the results of the present study complete the functional identification of the biosynthetic pathway underlying the production of these bioactive phytoalexins. In addition, the altered regiochemistry catalysed by CYP76M6 following C-3α hydroxylation has some implications for its active-site configuration, offering further molecular insight.