Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as 2-Octenal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
Remarkable Solvent, Porphyrin Ligand, and Substrate Effects on Participation of Multiple Active Oxidants in Manganese(III) Porphyrin Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions
作者:Min Young Hyun、Young Dan Jo、Jun Ho Lee、Hong Gyu Lee、Hyun Min Park、In Hong Hwang、Kyeong Beom Kim、Suk Joong Lee、Cheal Kim
DOI:10.1002/chem.201202640
日期:2013.1.28
and trans‐2‐octene with two manganese(III) porphyrin complexes by meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) in various solvents under catalytic reaction conditions. The ratios of cis‐ to trans‐2‐octene oxide formed in the reactions of MCPBA varied depending on the substrate concentration, further supporting the contention that the reactions of manganese porphyrin complexes with peracids generate multiple reactive
A simple route to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from prop-2-ynols
作者:Dawei Ma、Xiyan Lu
DOI:10.1039/c39890000890
日期:——
2-Ynols can be isomerized stereoselectively to (2E)-enals with a ruthenium complex as catalyst.
用钌配合物作为催化剂,可以将2-羟基选择性立体异构化为(2E)-烯醛。
Shape-selective isomerisation of α-acetylenic alcohols to α,β-ethylenic carbonyl compounds by vanadium-pillared montmorillonite catalyst
作者:B.M Choudary、A Durga Prasad、V.L.K Valli
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88534-2
日期:1990.1
A very simple, convenient method for an efficient shape-selective isomerisation of acyclic and aromatic α-acetylenic alcohols only, to the corresponding α,β-ethylenic carbonyl compounds, leaving the cyclic ones unreacted using catalytic amounts of vanadium-pillared montmorillonite catalyst, having -Si-O-V0 groups with successful reusability is described.
hydrogenation of numerous structurally diverse alkynes proceeded in moderate to excellent yield under mild conditions. The high selectivity toward the industrially important alkene substrates, functional group tolerance, and the high recyclability makes the catalytic system unique. Both high activity and selectivity are correlated with a frustratedLewispairs interface formed by the combination of gold
1,10-菲咯啉在TiO 2上热解Au(OAc)3提供了一种高活性和选择性的Au纳米颗粒(NP)催化剂,该催化剂嵌入氮掺杂的碳载体中,[受电子邮件保护]碳/ TiO 2催化剂。系统研究了热解温度,载体类型和氮配体以及Au /配体摩尔比等参数。在温和条件下,许多结构多样的炔烃的高选择性加氢以中等至极好的收率进行。对工业上重要的烯烃底物的高选择性,官能团耐受性和高可回收性使催化体系独树一帜。高活性和选择性都与由N掺杂碳的金和氮原子的组合形成的沮丧的Lewis对界面有关,根据密度泛函理论计算,该界面可以充当促进H 2杂化活化的基本位点在非常温和的条件下。这种“完全非均相”且可循环利用的金催化剂使选择性加氢工艺在环境和经济上都具有吸引力。
COMPOUNDS AND USES THEREOF FOR THE MODULATION OF HEMOGLOBIN
申请人:Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc.
公开号:US20170174654A1
公开(公告)日:2017-06-22
Provide herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.