INTACT (113)TIN-DIPHENYLTIN & (113)TIN-MONOPHENYLTIN WERE ONLY CMPD IDENTIFIED IN FECES OF GUINEA PIGS ADMIN (113)TIN-TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE SUBCUTANEOUSLY.
Triphenyltin acetate, which is resistant to the in-vitro dealkylation system, /the microsome-soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide system containing cytochrome p450 dependent mono-oxygenase/ is metabolized, probably by some other mechanism to diphenyl- & monophenyltin, & inorganic tin.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4；不可分类为人类致癌物。/有机锡化合物，作为Sn/
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/
IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyltin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling paints since the 1960s. Use of triorganotins in antifouling paints has been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effects on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning the occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports does describe neurotoxic effecys, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily in the feces and partly in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, and monophenyltin, and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in the kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltin compounds, applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin exerts a variety of health effects in various animal species, including effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near those that are maternially toxic, hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells, and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are co-clastogenic. Reproductive and developmental effects include a decrease in the number of inplantations and live fetuses (at 1.0 mg triphenyltin acetate/kg body weight per day in a rabbit gavage study), reduction in litter size/pup weight and in relative thymus or spleen weightin the weanlings (at 1.5 mg triphenyltin acetate/kg body weight per day in the diet of a two generation reproduction study in rats). Triphenyltin compounds affect the immune system. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterous effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered an endocrine disruptor, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs. /Triphenyltin cmpd & Triphenyltin acetate/
Several human poisonings from occupational exposures have been described but no deaths. Severe headache is a common symptom, as are nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, even in respiratory exposures. Glycosuria and hyperglycemia were encountered in several victims, as was dizziness, ... loss of consciousness occurred in 2 farmers after spraying.
Liver damage, in one case irreversible, has been reported in people spraying triphenyltin acetate, although exposure to other toxic compounds cannot be excluded. General malaise, headache, dizziness, & enlarged liver were the main symptoms in a patient who had 48 ug tin/l in his blood & 113 ug tin/l in his urine at the time of admission to hospital, after spraying a 60% triphenyltin acetate solution. Nine days after admission he developed diffuse erythema, but completely recovered 3 days later.
The majority of accidental poisonings involving systemic effects have been due to occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate. Systemic effects reported to have followed both dermal & inhalation exposure include general malaise, gastric pain, dryness of the mouth, visual disturbances & shortness of breath. An enlarged liver & elevated levels of liver aminotransferase activity have been found in some cases. Recovery has generally been complete but in one case, where a man spilled an agricultural cmpd on his hands & chest, the liver damage persisted for 2 yr.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
基于对大鼠、小鼠和豚鼠的口服和腹腔给药，从胃肠道吸收较差，与腹膜吸收相比。
... /Based on oral & ip admin to rats, mice & guinea pigs/ absorption from the GI tract is poor compared with that from the peritoneum.
Absorption from the skin is poor. During oral dosing of sheep for 20 days with fentin acetate at the rate of 10 mg/day, tin was found in milk at an avg concn of 0.0017 ppm. (113)Tin was present as fentin acetate & in 2 unidentified forms. Seventeen days after dosing was stopped, the concn had fallen to the limits of detectability. During treatment, the concn of (113)tin was 0.0029 ppm in the blood & 0.0075 ppm in the urine. Eight days after dosing was stopped, the liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, gall bladder, & brain contained higher concn of (113)tin than did other organs, & the level was still incr in the liver after 218 days. In cows & sheep, triphenyltin is excreted chiefly in the feces. Triphenyltin is rapidly distributed to all tissues, including the brain of rats. It can still be detected in the brain of rats & guinea pigs more than 30 days after a single dose.
WHEN TAKEN IN BY ANIMALS, PROBABLY AS RESIDUE ON GREEN FODDER ... /IT/ WAS RAPIDLY EXCRETED WITH /FECES/. ... SMALL AMT ABSORBED WAS PARTLY EXCRETED IN URINE & PARTLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT WHOLE BODY.
CUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF (113)TIN-TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE IN GUINEA PIGS RESULTED IN 3.04% & 7.97% OF DOSE BEING ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN, WHILE 16.3% & 12.4% WERE FOUND IN APPLICATION AREA 1 & 2 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT. RADIOACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN LIVER, KIDNEY & BRAIN IN LARGE AMT FOLLOWING SC INJECTION OF (113)TIN-TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE, ALTHOUGH ABSORPTION PROCEEDED SLOWLY FROM INJECTION SITE. ABOUT 83% OF DOSE WAS ELIMINATED THROUGH FECES WITHIN 20 DAYS & BIOLOGICAL HALF TIME WAS EST AT 9.4 DAYS FROM SC INJECTION OF (113)TIN-TRIPHENYLTIN IN GUINEA PIGS. INTACT (113)TIN-DIPHENYLTIN & (113)TIN-MONOPHENYLTIN WERE ONLY CMPD IDENTIFIED IN FECES AFTER SC ADMIN.
Symmetrization of Phenylmercuric Hydroxides by the Action of Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) Acetylacetonates. Isolation and Structural Characterization of an Intermediate in This Reaction
作者：Manfred Döring、Gabriela Hahn、Michael Stoll、Alexander C. Wolski
DOI：10.1021/om960799g
日期：1997.4.1
diphenylmercury, HgO, and Ni(acac)2(THF)2. With PhHgOH or PhHgSH the symmetrizationreactions also occurred when catalytic amounts of Ni(acac)2 were used. In contrast, triphenyltin derivatives (hydroxide, acetate, oxide) on treatment with M(acac)2 in aqueous THF gave the stable complexes [M(acac)2(Ph3SnOH)]2 (M = Co, Ni). The structure of [Ni(acac)2(Ph3SnOH)]2 (2) was also determined by X-ray crystallography
Synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of 2-functionalised vinylstannanes
作者：T Lébl、J Holeček、M Dymák、D Steinborn
DOI：10.1016/s0022-328x(00)00887-1
日期：2001.4
2-functionalised vinylstannanes (E)/(Z)-Ph3SnCR′CHYRn with acetic and chloroacetic acid in CDCl3 proceeded by protodestannylation yielding Ph3SnOOCCH2X (X=H, Cl) and CHR′CHYRn. The results of kinetics measurements reveal that Lewis-basic substituents YRn facilitate the electrophilic cleavage of SnC bonds, and this effect increases with the basicity of the heteroatom Y, i.e. in the order S
Preparation and infrared characterisation of some new organotin carboxylate polymers
作者：A. Roy、A.K. Ghosh
DOI：10.1016/s0020-1693(00)93838-6
日期：1977.1
polymers. In this paper we wish to report the preparation of a few new polymers using a relatively convenient route involving cleavage reactions of tin-carbon bonds in triorganotin carboxylates (R$nOCOR where R = phenyl, Ph; Propyl, Pr; Butyl, Bu; Cyclohexyl and R’ = H, CH2, CH,CH,) with mercury(I1) salts such as mercuric halides and acetate. In a typical reaction run, to a solution of triorganotin carboxylate
(1) and R = Ph– (2),were evaluated for their in vitro biological properties. The compounds were characterized via their physical properties and FT-IR, 119Sn Mössbauer, and 1H NMR spectroscopic data. The molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction crystallography. The geometry around the tin(IV) ion is trigonal bi-pyramidal. Variations in O–Sn–O···Sn′ torsion angles lead
A number of tetraaryltin compounds, Ar4Sn (where Ar = phenyl, o- and p-tolyl, and p-chlorophenyl) and triphenyltin compounds, Ph3SnX (where X = Cl, H, OH, OCOCH3, and OCOCF3) have been treated with diborane in tetrahydrofuran. Transmetallation occurs in which one or more aryl groups are transferred to boron. The organoboron intermediates give phenols upon oxidation and boronic and borinic acids upon
