Energy of exothermic decomposition in range 210-400 °C was measured as 0.633 kJ/g by /diffential scanning calorimetry/, and T(ait24) was determined as 200 °C by adiabatic Dewar tests, with an apparent energy of activation of 124 kJ/mol.
Yields para-chloro-n-hydroxyaniline in rabbit. Yields para-aminophenol in rabbits. Yields para-chloroaniline-n-beta-dextro-glucuronide in rabbit. Yields 2-amino-5-chlorophenol in rabbits. Yields 3-amino-7-chlorophenoxazin-2-one in rabbits. /from table/
p-Chloroaniline is metabolized completely by Chlorella fusca rubra mostly to water-soluble products. 4 wk after application, 28% of the radioactivity was recovered from algae and 35% from aqueous medium. Metabolites isolated were p,p'-dichloroazoxybenzene and p,p'-chloroazobenzene from algae and p-chloro-formanilide and p-chloroanilide from nutrient medium.
Microsomal fraction of germinated pea seeds oxidized 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) primarily to 4-chloronitrosobenzene, although (4-chlorophenyl)hydroxylamine was also a major product at high substrate concn. The enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of (4-chlorophenyl)hydroxylamine was faster than that for 4-chloroaniline. Oxidation of 4-chloroaniline was dependent on hydrogen peroxide & would not proceed when O2 & nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase were substituted for hydrogen peroxide. Further slow oxidation of 4-chloronitrosobenzene to 4-chloronitrobenzene was an enzymatic process that was also dependent on hydrogen peroxide.
The amines undergo a process of metabolism within the organism and real active agents are the metabolites, some of which induce methemaglobinemia while others are carcinogenic. These metabolites generally take the form of hydroxylamines, changing to aminophenols as a form of detoxification. /Amines/
IDENTIFICATION: 4-Chloroaniline (PCA) is a colorless to slightly amber-colored crystalline solid with a mild aromatic odor. The chemical is soluble in water and in common organic solvents. PCA is used as an intermediate in the production of a number of products, including agricultural chemicals, azo dyes and pigments, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans, hemoglobin adducts are detectable as early as 30 min after accidental exposure, with a maximum level at 3 hr. Slow acetylating individuals have a higher potency to form hemoglobin adducts compared with fast acetylators. Excretion in humans occurs primarily via the urine, with PCA and its conjugates appearing as early as 30 min after exposure. Excretion takes place mainly during the first 24 h and is almost complete within 72 h. Data on occupational exposure of humans to PCA are mostly from a few older reports of severe intoxications after accidental exposure to PCA during production. Symptoms include increased methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin levels, cyanosis, the development of anemia, and changes due to anoxia. PCA has a strong tendency to form hemoglobin adducts, and their determination can be used in biomonitoring of employees exposed to 4-chloroaniline in the workplace. There are reports of severe methemoglobinemia in neonates from neonatal intensive care units in two countries where premature babies were exposed to PCA as a breakdown product of chlorohexidine; the chlorohexidine, which had been inadvertently used in the humidifying fluid, broke down to PCA upon heating in a new type of incubator. Three neonates in one report (14.5-43.5% methemoglobin) and 33 of 415 neonates in another report (6.5-45.5% methemoglobin during the 8-month screening period) were found to be methemoglobin positive. A prospective clinical study showed that immaturity, severe illness, time exposed to PCA, and low concentrations of NADH reductase probably contributed to the condition. ANIMAL STUDIES: PCA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized. The main metabolic pathways of PCA are as follows: a) C-hydroxylation in the ortho position to yield 2-amino-5-chlorophenol followed by sulfate conjugation to 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate, which is excreted as is or after N-acetylation to N-acetyl-2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate; b) N-acetylation to 4-chloroacetanilide (found mainly in blood), which is further transformed to 4-chloroglycolanilide and then to 4-chlorooxanilic acid (found in the urine); or c) N-oxidation to 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine and further to 4-chloronitrosobenzene (in erythrocytes). Reactive metabolites of PCA bind covalently to hemoglobin and to proteins of liver and kidney. Excretion in animals occurs primarily via the urine, with PCA and its conjugates appearing as early as 30 min after exposure. Excretion takes place mainly during the first 24 hr and is almost complete within 72 hr. The prominent toxic effect is methemoglobin formation. PCA is a more potent and faster methemoglobin inducer than aniline. PCA also exhibits a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential. PCA was found to be non-irritating to rabbit skin and slightly irritating to rabbit eyes. A weak sensitizing potential was demonstrated with several test systems. Repeated exposure to PCA leads to cyanosis and methemoglobinemia, followed by effects in blood, liver, spleen, and kidneys, manifested as changes in hematological parameters, splenomegaly, and moderate to heavy hemosiderosis in spleen, liver, and kidney, partially accompanied by extramedullary hematopoiesis. These effects occur secondary to excessive compound-induced hemolysis and are consistent with a regenerative anemia. PCA is carcinogenic in male rats, with the induction of unusual and rare tumors of the spleen (fibrosarcomas and osteosarcomas), which is typical for aniline and related substances. In female rats, the precancerous stages of the spleen tumors are increased in frequency. Increased incidences of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland in male and female rats may have been related to PCA administration. There was some evidence of carcinogenicity in male mice, indicated by hepatocellular tumors and hemangiosarcoma. PCA shows transforming activity in cell transformation assays. A variety of in vitro genotoxicity tests Salmonella mutagenicity test, mouse lymphoma assay, chromosomal aberration test, induction of sister chromatid exchange indicate that PCA is possibly genotoxic, although results are sometimes conflicting. Due to lack of data, it is impossible to make any conclusion about PCA's in vivo genotoxicity. No studies are available on reproductive toxicity. From valid test results available on the toxicity of PCA to various aquatic organisms, PCA can be classified as moderately to highly toxic in the aquatic compartment. Therefore, a possible risk to aquatic organisms, particularly benthic species, cannot be completely ruled out, particularly in waters where significant amounts of particulate matter inhibit rapid photomineralization. Experiments with Daphnia magna revealed significantly reduced toxicity with increasing concentrations of dissolved humic materials in the medium, possibly caused by reduced bioavailability of PCA from adsorption to dissolved humic materials.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:B2组可能的人类致癌物
Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicty of para-chloroaniline. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of para-chloroaniline. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: para-Chloroaniline is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:对氯苯胺
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:para-Chloroaniline
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构(IARC)致癌物分类:2B组:可能对人类致癌
IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
吸收、分配和排泄
对氯苯胺可以通过完好无损的皮肤轻易被吸收。
p-Chloroaniline is readily absorbed through the intact skin... .
Tomato uptake of 4-chloroaniline from soil increased in direct proportion with amount present in soil. Compound was mostly root-localized, but translocation to stem increased with increasing concentration. In carrots, roots accumulated only slightly more chloroaniline than green parts. 4-Chloroaniline was also taken up by wheat and barley.
Oats took up and translocated 1.4% of soil-bound (14)C-4-chloroaniline within 6 wk; uptake from solution was 1.7-2.3%. Labeled compound was added to soil at 1 ppm. There were only slight differences in results between 2 soil types (humus-rich gley and parabrown soils) studied.
In male /Fischer 344/ rats administered (14)C-labelled compound (5 mCi/mmol (0.04 mCi/mg) (radiochemical purity unspecified)) at 0.3-30 mg/kg bw by gavage in 0.01 N hydrochloric acid, 75-85% of the dose was excreted in urine and 8-12% in feces by 24 hr; only 4% was excreted as unchanged amine in urine, 2.5% in bile and 1% in feces. At seven days, appreciable radiolabel was still present in blood cells, accounting for 1-2% of the dose. After an intravenous dose of 3.0 mg/kg bw in ethanol:propylene glycol:water (1:1:8), 60% of the dose was excreted in urine after 4 hr, 25% was excreted in bile after 6 hr, and 90% was eliminated in urine and feces by 8 hr. Initial levels in tissues were highest in muscle >fat >skin >liver >blood... .
structural and mechanistic studies on the organocatalytic asymmetrictransferhydrogenation of ketimines with trichlorosilane. Amines were obtained in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities. Both experiment and computation were utilized to provide an improved understanding of the mechanism. amines - Lewis bases - organocatalysis - transferhydrogenation - trichlorosilane
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.
An enantioselective alkoxycarbonylation-amination cascade process of terminalallenes with CO, methanol, and arylamines has been developed. It proceeds under mild conditions (room temperature, ambient pressure CO) via oxidative Pd(II) catalysis using an aromatic spiroketal-based diphosphine (SKP) as a chiral ligand and a Cu(II) salt as an oxidant and affords a wide range of α-methylene-β-arylamino
The antiplasmodial and cytotoxicactivities of these compounds were also evaluated against human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and human hepato-cellular carcinoma cells (Huh-7), respectively. Compounds 10a, 10c, 10d, 12c and 14e showed promising antibacterial activity while compounds 10e, 11d, 11e, 12c, 13a, 13b, 13e, 14a and 14d showed good antifungal activity as compared to the corresponding
本研究旨在通过铜催化点击化学合成一类新的抗菌剂和抗疟原虫剂,以提供25种1,4-二取代-1,2,3-三唑的化合物10–14(a – e)。查耳酮和黄酮的衍生物。通过元素分析,IR,1 H NMR,13 C NMR和质谱数据建立了新合成化合物的结构。评价了新合成的化合物对革兰氏阳性细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌,粪肠球菌),革兰氏阴性细菌(大肠杆菌,铜绿假单胞菌,志贺氏菌鲍氏,肺炎克雷伯菌)和抗真菌活性(白色念珠菌,热带念珠菌,近平滑念珠菌,新型隐球菌,皮肤癣菌)以及模具(黑曲霉,烟曲霉)。还分别评估了这些化合物对人疟原虫恶性疟原虫菌株3D7和人肝细胞癌细胞(Huh-7)的抗血浆和细胞毒活性。化合物10a,10c,10d,12c和14e与相应的标准药物相比,化合物10e,11d,11e,12c,13a,13b,13e,14a和14d表现出良好的抗菌活性。发现化合物10b对恶性疟原虫最具活性,而其余化合
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of<i>N</i>-(Substituted)-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3(4<i>H</i>)-carboxamides
作者:Hemavathi N. Deepakumari、Bidarur K. Jayanna、Maralekere K. Prashanth、Hosakere D. Revanasiddappa、Bantal Veeresh
DOI:10.1002/ardp.201600024
日期:2016.7
A series of new N‐(substituted)‐1‐methyl‐2,4‐dioxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinazoline‐3(4H)‐carboxamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticonvulsantactivity. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited potent anticonvulsantactivities in the maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test. The most promising compound 4c showed significant anticonvulsantactivity with a protective