Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as 2-Heptenal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病，包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
A Lanthanide(III) Triflate Mediated Macrolactonization/Solid-Phase Synthesis Approach for Depsipeptide Synthesis
作者：Jordan D. Goodreid、Eduardo da Silveira dos Santos、Robert A. Batey
DOI：10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00781
日期：2015.5.1
The effect of dysprosium(III) triflate on macrolactonization reactions to form depsipeptides using MNBA (Shiina’s reagent) is reported. Improved yields were obtained for the formation of 16-membered depsipeptides using lanthanide triflate additives. The use of a macrocyclization strategy permits the use of a semiautomated solid-phase synthesis approach for the rapid synthesis of analogues of the antibacterial
Oxidative elimination of α-pyridylseleno carbonyl compounds affords enones in excellent yields, providing an improved method for dehydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes. These results indicate that pyridylseleno group is a better leaving group than phenylseleno group in selenoxide elimination leading to enones.
Ethynyl silylketone 1 proved to be a very efficient Michael acceptor in carbocupration and metallocupration reactions. In particular, when using carbocuprates, a smooth entry to polyenals can be obtained, while, when using metallocuprates, silyl- and stannylpropenoyl silanes may be obtained, very powerful intermediates in organic synthesis.
Being selective: The catalyticallylation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane in the presence of chiral 3,3′‐unsymmetrically substituted bis(tetrahydroisoquinoline) N,N‐dioxides was explored. The allylation of various aldehydes proceeded under mild reaction conditions (−78 °C) with high yields and enantioselectivity (see scheme). This allylation was applied in the synthesis of (
Polystyrene-Supported Diarylprolinol Ethers as Highly Efficient Organocatalysts for Michael-Type Reactions
作者：Esther Alza、Sonia Sayalero、Pinar Kasaplar、Diana Almaşi、Miquel A. Pericàs
DOI：10.1002/chem.201101730
日期：2011.10.4
addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins and of malonates or nitromethane to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The combination of the catalytic unit, the triazole linker, and the polymeric matrix provides unprecedented substrate selectivity, in favor of linear, short‐chain aldehydes, when the organocatalyzed reaction proceeds by an enamine mechanism. High versatility is noted in reactions that proceed via an iminium
