/Tributyltin/ (TBT) metabolism also occurs in lower organisms, but it is slower, particularly in molluscs, than in mammals. The capacity for bioaccumulation is, therefore, much greater than in mammals. /Tributyltin compounds/
Metabolism of tributyltin derivatives has been clearly demonstrated in in vitro studies. ...The possible metabolism of /tributyltin/ (TBT) acetate /was studied/ using rat hepatic microsomes in the presence of NADPH. They demonstrated hydroxylation by monooxygenases of the principal carbon-hydrogen bonds (alpha and beta to the tin atom) of 24% (at the alpha position) and 50% (at the beta position). The hydroxylated alpha metabolite is unstable and rapidly splits to form the dibutyl derivative, followed by 1-butanol and then butane. According to /a seperate study/, the same type of reaction occurs in microsome preparations from mice. /Tributyltin compounds/
TBT metabolism in mammals is rapid; metabolites are detectable in blood within 3 hr of TBT administration. In in vitro studies, it has been shown that TBT is a substrate for mixed-function oxidases, but these enzymes are inhibited by very high concentrations of TBT. /Tributyltin compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/锡，有机化合物，如Sn/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Tin, organic compounds, as Sn/
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tributyltin compounds have been registered as molluscicides, and used as antifoulants on boats, ships, quays, buoys, crabpots, fish nets, and cages as wood preservatives; as slimicides on masonry; as disinfectants; and as biocides for cooling systems, power station cooling towers, pulp and paper mills, breweries, leather processing, and textile mills. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Skin and/or eye lesions have been reported after exposure of workers during the manufacturing and formulation of tributyltin compounds. Severe dermatitis has been reported after direct contact with the skin. Inhalation of aerosol leads to respiratory irritation. Exposure of the general public may come from the contamination of food, particularly fish and shellfish, and from the domestic application of wood preservatives. ANIMAL STUDIES: Tributyltin methacrylate is highly toxic and has pronounced cumulative properties. Its threshold concentration in rats, judging by its organoleptic index of noxiousness, amounts to 0.064 mg/L, which corresponds to a level of 0.1 mg/L in water bodies. Tributyltin compounds exhibit greater lethal potential when administered parenterally, as opposed to orally, probably due to only partial absorption from the gut. Other effects of acute exposure may include alterations in blood lipid levels, the endocrine system, liver, and spleen, and transient deficits in brain development. Teratogenic effects have only occurred in experimental animals that caused overt maternal toxicity. The teratogenic potential of tributyltin compounds is therefore, considered to be very low. One carcinogenicity study on rats has been reported in which neoplastic changes were observed in endocrine organs at 50 mg/kg diet. The pituitary tumors found at 0.5 mg/kg diet are considered as having no biological significance since there was no dose-response relationship. These tumor types appear usually at high and variable background incidences. Based on the results of comprehensive mutagenicity studies, tributyltin compounds are not considered to have mutagenic potential. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Tributyltin compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and alter mitochondrial structure and function. Tributyltin interferes with calcification of the shell of oysters (Crassostrea species). Tributyltin has been shown to produce the superimposition of male sexual characteristics on female neogastropod (stenoglossan) snails and one freshwater gastropod (Prosobranchia).
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
解毒与急救
/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于昏迷、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……。对于严重的支气管痉挛，考虑给予β激动剂，如沙丁胺醇……。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……。开始静脉输注D5W TKO /SRP: "保持开放"，最低流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸钠林格氏液（LR）。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象……。用地西泮或劳拉西泮治疗癫痫……。使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……。/Poisons A and B/
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
三丁基锡从肠道吸收（20-50%，取决于载体）和通过哺乳动物的皮肤吸收（大约10%）。
Tributyltin is absorbed from the gut (20-50% depending on the vehicle) and via the skin of mammals (approximately 10%).
Tributyltin can be transferred across the blood-brain barrier and from the placenta to the fetus. Absorbed material is rapidly and widely distributed amongst tissues principally liver and kidney and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen, fat, lungs, brain, and muscle. /Tributyltin compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
丁基锡的排泄是通过胆汁而不是尿液。/丁基锡化合物/
Excretion of tributyltin is via the bile rather than the urine. /Tributyltin compounds/
These compounds exhibit greater lethal potential when administered parenterally, as opposed to orally, probably due to only partial absorption from the gut. /Tributyltin compounds/
申请人：The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
公开号：US03979354A1
公开（公告）日：1976-09-07
Objects which are designed to be submersed or submerged are rendered antiling by using an organotin polymer wherein the tin is chemically combined in or bonded to the polymer. The polymer inhibits fouling of the exposed surface of the object while minimizing the effect on the surrounding environment due to reduced leaching of the organometallic compound from the polymer.
Antifouling paint comprising a copolymer containing organo tin salt and
申请人：The International Paint Company Limited
公开号：US04191579A1
公开（公告）日：1980-03-04
An antifouling paint for ships' hulls, comprising a film-forming copolymer and a pigment component, has the property that a rough film of the paint becomes smoother in relatively moving seawater. The film-forming copolymer contains from more than 50 up to 80 percent by weight of units of at least one triorganotin salt of an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, the balance of the copolymer being units of at least one olefinically unsaturated comonomer. The pigment component comprises a metalliferous pigment capable of reacting with seawater to form a water-soluble metal compound and a pigment which does not react with or dissolve in seawater.
Triorganotin derivatives of polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids are prepared either in the presence or absence of solvent by reacting the acid or a suitable derivative thereof with a triorganotin hydroxide or a bis(triorganotin)oxide. Polymerization of the acid or the triorganotin derivative thereof is avoided by using a dehydrating agent to remove the water formed as a by-product of the reaction.
Radiation-sensitive polymer and radiation-sensitive composition
申请人：Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
公开号：US05100762A1
公开（公告）日：1992-03-31
A radiation-sensitive polymer is capable of resistance to the dry etching when it is applied to form very fine patterns in VLSIs and other semiconductor devices, wherein the polymer is a radiation-sensitive polymer that contains at least one unit represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## (where X is an alkyl group, a halogen atom or a halogenated alkyl group; R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, an alkoxy or an aryl group; R.sup.2 is carbon monoxide; M is Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Mo or W; k is a number defined by the valence of (M minus 1); and l is zero or a positive integer), and which optionally contains at least one unit represented by the general formula (II): ##STR2## (where Y is an alkyl group, a halogen atom or a halogenated alkyl group; R.sup.3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group) and/or at least one unit represented by the general formula (III): --SO.sub.2 --R.sup.4 (III) (where R.sup.4 is a divalent alkyl or aryl group).
