The slow decomposition in storage of 98-100% formic acid with liberation of carbon monoxide led to rupture of the sealed glass containers. In absence of gas leakage, a full 2.5 L bottle would develop a pressure of over 7 bar during 1 yr at 25 °C. Explosive decomposition of formic acid on a clean nickel ... surface was studied, using deuteroformic acid. A full 1 L bottle of 96% formic acid burst when the ambient temp fell to -6 °C overnight and the contents froze and expanded. Gas pressure from previous partial decomposition may also have contributed.
Formate is a normal constituent of intermediary metabolism ... /of formic acid/. Formate is metabolized in the rat primarily via the one carbon pool, but in some circumstances the catalase-peroxidative pathway may serve as an alternative route of oxidation. Oxidation occurs in a variety of organs and tissues, including liver, lung, and erythrocytes, the end products being carbon dioxide and water.
Enzyme pathways involved in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and formic acid, which are produced as a consequence of oxidative demethylation by the cytochrome P-450 system, were examined in isolated hepatocytes from phenobarbital pretreated rats. The formaldehyde produced during oxidative demethylation in isolated hepatocytes is rapidly oxidized to formic acid. Depletion of cellular reduced glutathione by pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate decreases the rate of formic acid production, and therefore, it appears that formaldehyde produced by oxidative demethylation is oxidized by formaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme which requires but does not consume reduced glutathione. Because of the rapid nonenzymatic reaction of formaldehyde with reduced glutathione, this enzyme system may be viewed as essential to prevent the loss of reduced glutathione due to S-hydroxymethylglutathione formation. Reduced glutathione concentration in isolated hepatocytes decreased rapidly following addition of substrates undergoing oxidative demethylation. Addition of other cytochrome P-450 substrates which do not undergo demethylation did not result in such a dramatic oxidation of reduced glutathione. Formic acid, produced during oxidative demethylation acts as a substrate for the peroxidatic mode of catalase, but also binds to catalase as an anionic ligand. This binding decreases the catalase concentration detectable by cyanide titration and therefore appears to inhibit the catalytic reaction mode.
The major part of the absorbed formic acid is metabolized in the liver, but partially also in the intestinal mucosa, lungs, kidneys and spleen. Formic acid is oxidized in relation to folate and according to a catalase-peroxidative mechanism. Formic acid is metabolized into CO2 considerably more slowly in primates than in rats. The species sensitivity to methanol intoxication (metabolic acidosis caused by formic acid) is possibly dependent on the tetrahydrofolate concentration.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
甲酸在吸入甲醇时通过兔子的尿液排出体外。
Formic acid was excreted in the urine of rabbits during inhalation of methyl alcohol ... .
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其蒸汽、透过皮肤和通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
暴露途径
吸入,摄入,皮肤和/或眼睛接触
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Formic acid is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, via the lungs and the intact skin. The absorbed substance is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water and is partially excreted unchanged in the urine.
The dose-dependent elimination of formate was investigated in the rat using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The in situ perfused liver was used to define the kinetics of hepatic metabolism and obtain initial in vitro estimates of the hepatic metabolism parameters. Formate was eliminated from the perfused rat liver following the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Estimates of the Michaelis-Menten parameters obtained from the perfused liver studies were used in a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model of the dose-dependent elimination of formate in vivo. A good fit of the model to the observed in vivo data was obtained. Initial estimates of the Michaelis-Menten parameters, Vmax and Km, obtained from the perfused liver model, were within 40% of the final fitted values of these parameters in the in vivo model.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
一些甲酸可能未经改变就被排出,其数量取决于物种、剂量和给药途径。
Some formic acid may be excreted unchanged, the amt depending on the species, dose, and route of admin.
During hemodialysis in a methanol poisoned patient, formate elimination followed first order kinetics with a plasma half-life of 165 min. The mean dialyzer (1.6 at 59 mL) clearance of formate was 148 mL/min at a blood flow of 215 mL/min. Distribution volume was 0.5 L/kg. Formate is more effectively removed by hemodialysis than methanol. /Formate/
structural and mechanistic studies on the organocatalytic asymmetrictransferhydrogenation of ketimines with trichlorosilane. Amines were obtained in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities. Both experiment and computation were utilized to provide an improved understanding of the mechanism. amines - Lewis bases - organocatalysis - transferhydrogenation - trichlorosilane
[EN] THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISORDERS CAUSED BY IGE<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE THIOPHÈNE POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE TROUBLES PROVOQUÉS PAR IGE
申请人:UCB BIOPHARMA SRL
公开号:WO2019243550A1
公开(公告)日:2019-12-26
Thiophene derivatives of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are provided. These compounds have utility for the treatment or prevention of disorders caused by IgE, such as allergy, type 1 hypersensitivity or familiar sinus inflammation.
Synthesis of novel cinchona-amino acid hybrid organocatalysts for asymmetric catalysis
作者:Pedro Barrulas、Maurizio Benaglia、Anthony J. Burke
DOI:10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.05.003
日期:2014.6
Three novel subclasses of cinchonidine derivatives coupled to diverse amino acids were prepared in very good overall yield and tested in a benchmark organocatalytic aldol reaction, betweenacetone and aromatic aldehydes. These subclasses are a family of amino acid-cinchonidine (subclass A), N-formamides-cinchonidine (subclass B) and dipeptide-cinchonidine (subclass C) hybrids. Our main goal, besides
[EN] AURORA KINASE MODULATORS AND METHOD OF USE<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS D'AURORA KINASE ET PROCÉDÉ D'UTILISATION
申请人:AMGEN INC
公开号:WO2009117157A1
公开(公告)日:2009-09-24
The present invention relates to chemical compounds having a general formula (I) wherein A1-5 and 7-8, D', L1, L2, R1, R3, R6-8, n and o are defined herein, and synthetic intermediates, which are capable of modulating the activity of Aurora kinase proteins and, thereby, influencing various disease states and conditions related to the activities of Aurora kinases. For example, the compounds are capable of influencing the process of cell cycle and cell proliferation to treat cancer and cancer-related diseases. The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions, including the compounds, and methods of treating disease states related to the activity of Aurora kinase.
[EN] CALPAIN MODULATORS AND THERAPEUTIC USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS DE CALPAÏNE ET LEURS UTILISATIONS THÉRAPEUTIQUES
申请人:BLADE THERAPEUTICS INC
公开号:WO2019190885A1
公开(公告)日:2019-10-03
Small molecule calpain modulator compounds, including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, can be included in pharmaceutical compositions. The compounds can be useful in inhibiting calpain, or competitive binding with calpastatin, by contacting them with CAPN1, CAPN2, and/or CAPN9 enzymes residing inside a subject. The compounds and composition can also be administered to a subject in order to treat a fibrotic disease or a secondary disease state or condition of a fibrotic disease.