Methyl thiocyanate is a colorless liquid and an odor of onions. Used as an agricultural insecticide, a fumigant and as a research chemical. No evidence of commercial production in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)
ENZYMES IN THE LIVER AND PERHAPS OTHER ORGANS ARE KNOWN TO LIBERATE CYANIDE ION FROM METHYL...THIOCYANATE... GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE CATALYZES THE ATTACK OF REDUCED GLUTATHIONE @ THIOCYANATE SULFUR, RESULTING IN LIBERATION OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE, OXIDIZED GLUTATHIONE & THE MERCAPTAN MOIETY OF THE ORGANOTHIOCYANATE.
METHYL THIOCYANATE UP TO 5 MMOL REDUCED THE HYDROGEN ION SECRETION OF BULLFROG, RANA CATESBEIANA, GASTRIC MUCOSA WITHOUT EXHIBITING ANY APPRECIABLE INHIBITORY EFFECT ON MICROSOMAL ATPASE ACTIVITY. NO CONVERSION OF METHYL THIOCYANATE TO THIOCYANATE ION, A POTENT INHIBITOR OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION, WAS DEMONSTRATED IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
Parallel Synthesis of 1<i>H-</i>Pyrazolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines via Condensation of <i>N</i>-Pyrazolylamides and Nitriles
作者:Akshay A. Shah、Lois K. Chenard、Joseph W. Tucker、Christopher J. Helal
DOI:10.1021/acscombsci.7b00116
日期:2017.11.13
A novel parallel medicinal chemistry (PMC)-enabled synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines employing condensation of easily accessible N-pyrazolylamides and nitriles has been developed. The presented studies describe singleton and library enablements that allowed rapid generation of molecular diversity to examine C4 and C6 vectors. This chemistry enabled access to challenging alkyl substituents
已开发出一种新颖的平行药物化学(PMC)合成1 H-吡唑并[3,4- d ]嘧啶的方法,该方法采用易于获得的N-吡唑烷基酰胺和腈的缩合反应。提出的研究描述了单例和库使能,其允许快速产生分子多样性来检查C4和C6载体。这种化学性质使人们能够使用具有挑战性的烷基取代基,从而扩大了整个化学空间,使其超过了典型的C(sp 2)–C(sp 2)偶联和S N Ar转化所能提供的空间。此外,讨论了允许使用更大和更多样化的酰胺和羧酸作为腈前体的单体基团互变。
The Acid-catalyzed Decomposition of Diazo Carbonyl Compounds. II. Synthesis of 2- or 5-Heteroatom-substituted Oxazoles
The BF3-catalyzed decomposition of m- and p-substituted α-diazoacetophenones in excess of methyl thiocyanate and ethyl thiocyanate gave the corresponding 2-methylthio-, and 2-ethylthio-5-aryloxazoles, respectively in good yields along with s-alkyl-n-aroylmethylthiocarbamates and α-ethoxyacetophenones. However, yields of 2-dimethylamino-5-aryloxazoles by the reaction of dimethylcyanamide with α-diazoacetophenones
Heteroaryl hydroxamic acid derivatives and their use in the treatment, amelioration or prevention of a viral disease
申请人:F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE LTD
公开号:US20130102600A1
公开(公告)日:2013-04-25
The present invention relates to a compound having the general formula I, optionally in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, tautomer, racemate, enantiomer, or diastereomer or mixture thereof,
which is useful in treating, ameliorating or preventing a viral disease. Furthermore, specific combination therapies are disclosed.
Process for ortho-cyanation of phenols or phenylamines
申请人:Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
公开号:US04774331A1
公开(公告)日:1988-09-27
A process for ortho-cyanation of phenols or phenylamines which comprises reacting a phenyl compound having hydroxy or optionally substituted amino or cyclic amino, of which ortho position is vacant, with trichloroacetonitrile, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl thiocyanate or C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aryl thiocyanate in the presence of a boron trihalide and treating the resultant product with an alkali is provided, and said process is useful in the synthesis of intermediates for medicinals or pesticides.
OXO-HETEROCYCLE FUSED PYRIMIDINE COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE
申请人:Bergeron Philippe
公开号:US20100331305A1
公开(公告)日:2010-12-30
Disclosed are compounds of Formula I, including steroisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, solvates, metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are useful in modulating PIKK related kinase signaling, e.g., mTOR, and for the treatment of diseases (e.g., cancer) that are mediated at least in part by the dysregulation of the PIKK signaling pathway (e.g., mTOR).