Dikalium-Quecksilber(II)-tetrarhodanid

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机硫化合物 - 硫氰酸盐
• 英文名称: Dikalium-Quecksilber(II)-tetrarhodanid
• 英文别名: dipotassium;dithiocyanatomercury;dithiocyanate
• 化学式: C4HgK2N4S4
• 分子量: 511.1
• InChiKey: HWXOCCNUUYRBKP-UHFFFAOYSA-J

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -5.94
• 重原子数：
  15
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  99.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  8

ADMET

代谢

汞主要通过摄入和吸入被吸收，然后通过血液流布全身，其中一部分会与血红蛋白上的巯基团结合。汞可以经过氧化变成汞离子，这一过程通过过氧化氢酶-过氧化氢途径进行。汞原子能够扩散到过氧化氢酶酶隙中，到达含有血红素环的活性位点。由于过氧化氢酶-过氧化氢途径普遍存在，氧化最可能发生在所有组织中。氧化后，汞倾向于在肾脏中积累。汞主要通过呼气和粪便排出体外。氰化物通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径迅速被吸收并分布到全身。氰化物主要通过罗丹酶或3-巯基丙酸硫转移酶代谢成硫氰化物。氰化物的代谢物通过尿液排出体外。(A6, L7, L96)

Mercury is absorbed mainly via ingestion and inhalation, then distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, where a portion binds to sulfhydryl groups on haemoglobin. Mercury can undergo oxidation to mercuric mercury, which takes place via the catalase-hydrogen peroxide pathway. The mercury atom is able to diffuse down the cleft in the catalase enzyme to reach the active site where the heme ring is located. Oxidation most likely occurs in all tissue, as the catalase hydrogen peroxide pathway is ubiquitous. Following oxidation, mercury tends to accumulate in the kidneys. Mercury is excreted mainly by exhalation and in the faeces. Cyanide is rapidly alsorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (A6, L7, L96)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

汞离子与蛋白质的巯基或硫醇基团的高亲和力结合被认为是汞活性的主要机制。通过改变细胞内巯基状态，汞可以促进氧化应激、脂质过氧化、线粒体功能障碍和血红素代谢的改变。已知汞能与微囊和线粒体酶结合，导致细胞损伤和死亡。例如，汞能抑制水通道蛋白，阻止细胞膜上的水流。它还抑制LCK蛋白，导致T细胞信号传导减少和免疫系统抑制。汞还被认为是通过作用于突触后神经元膜来抑制神经兴奋性。它还通过抑制蛋白激酶C和碱性磷酸酶来影响神经系统，这会损害脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变血脑屏障。汞还能产生自身免疫反应，可能是通过修饰主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）II类分子、自身肽、T细胞受体或细胞表面粘附分子。氰化物是电子传递链第四复合体（存在于真核细胞线粒体膜中）的细胞色素c氧化酶的抑制剂。它与这种酶中的铁原子结合。氰化物与这种细胞色素的结合阻止了电子从细胞色素c氧化酶传递到氧气。结果，电子传递链被破坏，细胞不能再通过有氧呼吸产生ATP能量。主要依赖有氧呼吸的组织，如中枢神经系统和心脏，受到特别影响。氰化物还通过结合过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、高铁血红蛋白、羟基钴胺素、磷酸酶、酪氨酸酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和Cu/Zn超氧化物歧化酶来产生一些毒性效应。氰化物与高铁血红蛋白的铁离子结合形成无活性的氰化高铁血红蛋白。

High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L7, A8, A25, A26, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

无致癌性迹象（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

水银主要影响神经系统。长期接触高浓度的金属汞、无机汞或有机汞可能导致大脑、肾脏和发育中的胎儿永久性损伤。对大脑功能的影响可能导致易怒、害羞、震颤、视力或听力改变以及记忆问题。儿童的水银中毒，即急性肢端痛，其特征是手和脚疼痛及粉红色色素沉着。水银中毒还可能引起亨特-拉塞尔综合症和熊本病。短时间内接触高浓度氰化物会损害大脑和心脏，甚至可能导致昏迷、癫痫、呼吸暂停、心脏骤停和死亡。长期吸入氰化物会导致呼吸困难、胸痛、呕吐、血象改变、头痛和甲状腺肿大。皮肤接触氰化物盐可能会引起刺激和产生溃疡。

Mercury mainly affects the nervous system. Exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Acrodynia, a type of mercury poisoning in children, is characterized by pain and pink discoloration of the hands and feet. Mercury poisoning can also cause Hunter-Russell syndrome and Minamata disease. Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L7, L96, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L7）；吸入（L7）；皮肤给药（L7）

Oral (L7) ; inhalation (L7); dermal (L7)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

常见症状包括周围神经病变（表现为感觉异常、瘙痒、灼热或疼痛）、皮肤变色（如红润的面颊、指尖和趾尖）、水肿（肿胀）和脱屑（死皮成层脱落）。氰化物中毒的特征是呼吸急促、气短、全身无力、眩晕、头痛、头晕、混乱、抽搐/癫痫发作，最终失去意识。

Common symptoms include peripheral neuropathy (presenting as paresthesia or itching, burning or pain), skin discoloration (pink cheeks, fingertips and toes), edema (swelling), and desquamation (dead skin peels off in layers). Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (A5, L96, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)