氯 | 7782-50-5

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 均质非金属化合物 - 均相卤素
• 中文名称: 氯
• 中文别名: 氯气(液)；液氯；高纯氯气；氯水；氯气
• 英文名称: chlorine
• 英文别名: Cl2；molecular chlorine
• CAS: 7782-50-5
• 化学式: Cl₂
• 分子量: 70.906
• InChiKey: KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  -105.5 °C
• 沸点：
  -34.04 °C
• 密度：
  1.4 g/cm3(Temp: 20 °C Press: 5210 Torr)
• 物理描述：
  Chlorine appears as a greenish yellow gas with a pungent suffocating odor. Toxic by inhalation. Slightly soluble in water. Liquefies at -35°C and room pressure. Readily liquefied by pressure applied at room temperature. Density (as a liquid) 13.0 lb / gal. Contact with unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Does not burn but, like oxygen, supports combustion. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations or short-term inhalation of high concentrations has ill effects. Vapors are much heavier than air and tend to settle in low areas. Contact CHEMTREC to activate chlorine response team 800-424-9300. Used to purify water, bleach wood pulp, and to make other chemicals. Rate of onset: Immediate to hours Persistence: Minutes to hours Odor threshold: 3.5 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Cleaner/disinfectant in many industries; water treatment; WWI war gas; irritating corr fumes heavier than air.
• 颜色/状态：
  Yellowish-green gas
• 气味：
  Suffocating odor
• 溶解度：
  1.46 g/100 cc water at 0 °C; 310 cc/100 cc water at 10 °C; 177 cc/100 cc water at 30 °C; 0.57 g/100 cc water at 30 °C
• 蒸汽密度：
  2.49 (EPA, 1998) (Relative to Air)
• 蒸汽压力：
  5.83X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C
• 稳定性/保质期：
  1. 具有强烈的刺激臭和腐蚀性，气味令人窒息。性质非常活泼，虽然不自燃，但能助燃，在日光下与其他易燃气体混合时会发生燃烧和爆炸。它可以与大多数元素或化合物反应。剧毒。 在0℃、599986Pa条件下会凝结为金黄色液体；20℃时100mL水中能溶解氯0.7291g，液氯的相对密度在-34℃为1.557，在-195℃为2.13。化学性质极为活泼，几乎可以与所有元素发生反应。 2. 稳定性：稳定 3. 避免接触的物质包括易燃或可燃物、烷烃、炔烃、卤代烷烃、芳香烃、胺类、醇类、乙醚、氢气、金属、苛性碱、非金属单质、非金属氧化物以及金属氢化物等。 4. 不会发生聚合反应。
• 自燃温度：
  Not flammable (USCG, 1999)
• 分解：
  Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Nature of decomposition products not known.
• 粘度：
  0.134 mPa.sec at 20 °C (gas); 0.346 mPa.sec at 20 °C (liquid)
• 腐蚀性：
  Chlorine will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings
• 汽化热：
  20.41 kJ/mol at -34.03 °C; 17.76 kJ/mol at 25 °C
• 表面张力：
  18.4 dynes/cm at 20 °C in contact with vapor
• 电离电位：
  11.48 eV
• 气味阈值：
  Water odor threshold: 0.0020 mg/L. Air odor threshold: 0.31 ppm. Odor Safety Class: C. C= Odor safety factor from 1-26. Less than 50% of distracted persons perceive warning of threshold limit value.
• 折光率：
  Index of refraction: 1.3834 at 20 °C/589 nm (liquid)

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  1.6
• 重原子数：
  2
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

氯只有作为元素在非常低的pH值（小于2）下才能持久存在，而在活体组织中发现的高pH值时，它会迅速转化为次氯酸。在这种形式下，它显然能够穿透细胞并形成N-氯衍生物，这些衍生物可能会损害细胞完整性。

Chlorine persists as an element only at a very low pH (less than 2), and at the higher pH found in living tissue it is rapidly converted into hypochlorous acid. In this form, it apparently can penetrate the cell and form N-chloro-derivatives that can damage cellular integrity.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

氯是一种强氧化剂，在与湿润的粘膜接触时，会形成次氯酸和盐酸。前者（次氯酸）会分解成次氯酸和氧自由基（.O2-）。这种损伤是由于细胞蛋白的破坏。这些剂与巯基和二硫键结合，形成有机氯化物的稳定水合物。

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that forms both hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid on contact with moist mucous membranes. The former cmpd decomposes into hypochloric acid and oxygen free radicals (.O2-). Damage results from the disruption of cellular proteins. These agents combine with sulfhydryl groups and disulfur bonds and form stable hydrates of organic chlorine.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

人体中，大约88%的氯离子位于细胞外，对体液的渗透活性有贡献。体内的电解质平衡通过调节总的饮食摄入量和通过肾脏及胃肠道的排泄来维持。在正常个体中，氯离子几乎被完全吸收，主要来自小肠的前半段。正常的液体损失约为每天1.5-2升，同时伴随着大约4克的氯离子。大部分（90-95%）通过尿液排出，少量通过粪便（4-8%）和汗液（2%）排出。一个正常成年人体内大约含有81.7克的氯离子。基于氯离子的总必需损失约为每天530毫克，成年人每公斤体重的氯离子饮食摄入量建议为9毫克。

In humans, 88% of chloride is extracellular and contributes to the osmotic activity of body fluids. The electrolyte balance in the body is maintained by adjusting total dietary intake and by excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Chloride is almost completely absorbed in normal individuals, mostly from the proximal half of the small intestine. Normal fluid loss amounts to about 1.5–2 litres/day, together with about 4 g of chloride per day. Most (90– 95%) is excreted in the urine, with minor amounts in faeces (4–8%) and sweat (2%). A normal adult human body contains approximately 81.7 g chloride. On the basis of a total obligatory loss of chloride of approximately 530 mg/day, a dietary intake for adults of 9 mg of chloride per kg of body weight has been recommended.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

代谢

次氯酸与蛋白质、氨基酸和不饱和脂质反应生成氯化化合物，而与碳水化合物的反应则产生氧化产物。氯的代谢导致N-氯化物的产生，初步确定有N-氯代丙氨酸、N-氯代甘氨酸和N-氯代苯丙氨酸。

Hypochlorous acid reacts with proteins, amino acids, and unsaturated lipids to form chlorinated compounds, whereas the reaction with carbohydrates yields oxidation products. Metabolisation of chlorine results in the production of N-chloramines, tentatively identified as N-chloroalanine, N-chloroglycine, and N-chlorophenylalanine. (L245)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

氯气是一种绿黄色的气体，加压后可变成无色至琥珀色的液体，具有刺激性窒息性气味。氯的主要用途是生产氯化有机化学品和无机化学品。它被用作纸浆和造纸工业的漂白剂；在纺织品的漂白、农药、除草剂、制冷剂、推进剂、家用和商业漂白剂、自动洗碗机洗涤剂、防冻液、抗爆化合物、塑料、合成橡胶、粘合剂、药品、饮用和游泳水的净化、工业和废水处理以及铝金属的脱气中。人类暴露和毒性：氯气具有刺激性窒息性气味，气体刺激眼睛并引起流泪。暴露于氯气可以是口服、吸入、皮肤和眼睛途径。氯气可导致眼睛刺激和烧伤。皮肤暴露会引起刺激、疼痛、红斑、水泡和烧伤。液态氯接触会烧伤皮肤和眼睛。最初是眼睛、鼻子和喉咙的刺激，接着是咳嗽和喘息、呼吸困难、痰液产生和胸痛。较大的暴露可能导致高氯性酸中毒、缺氧，可能导致心脏或呼吸停止。可能会发生化学性肺炎。在一家纸浆厂工作的工人长期暴露于氯中，显示出持续的呼吸系统症状。观察到支气管阻塞和支气管高反应性。也有偶尔报道称，暴露于氯化水中会诱发哮喘。在一系列体外实验中，报告了在人类淋巴细胞培养系统中，氯浓度是饮用水中通常发现的2-20倍时，诱导了染色单体和染色体断裂、易位、双着丝粒染色体和间隙。动物研究：将大鼠暴露于3或9 ppm的氯气中，每天6小时，每周5天，持续6周，与体重减轻、红细胞压积和白细胞计数增加（仅在暴露于9 ppm的雌性中）、以及提示肾功能改变的的临床化学指标增加有关。在暴露于9 ppm氯气浓度的动物上呼吸道和下呼吸道中明显有炎症反应；暴露于3 ppm的动物表现出这些影响较轻。将含有0、70、140或275 ppm氯的水提供给每组70只大鼠或小鼠，每个性别，持续2年。尽管中剂量和高剂量雌性大鼠白血病发病率边缘增加，提示与饮用氯化水可能有关，但白血病发病率并非明显与剂量相关。没有迹象表明白血病潜伏期缩短，同期对照组的白血病发病率低于历史对照组的平均值；此外，没有证据表明雄性大鼠受到影响。因此，雌性大鼠白血病发病率边缘增加被认为是致癌活性的不确定证据。在雄性大鼠或雌性小鼠中，没有与饮用氯化水明确相关的肿瘤或非肿瘤病变。在体内诱导微核（MN）的研究中，研究了来自饮用氯化水（CDW）处理的大鼠骨髓的嗜多色红细胞（PCEs）。结果表明，在相对低剂量的CDW处理下，大鼠骨髓中微核PCEs的数量显著增加（每天每千克体重33.3毫升）。生态毒性研究：将潮汐水氯化至10 mg/L，老化10-35天后，用作三种浮游植物的培养基，Thalassiosira pseudonana、Dunaliella物种、Isochrysis galbana。氯化水中总残留氯化合物检测不到；即使在水中老化35天后，也有两种物种没有生长。一种更具抵抗力的物种在老化23天或35天的氯化水中生长，但在老化10天的水中没有生长。三种物种在没有氯化的水中生长良好。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas, and becomes a clear to amber liquid under pressure and has a pungent suffocating odor. The major uses of chlorine are in the manufacture of chlorinated organic chemicals and inorganic chemicals. It is used as a bleaching agent in the manufacture of pulp and paper; in bleaching textiles, in the manufacture of pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, propellants, household and commercial bleaches, detergents for automatic dish washers, antifreeze, antiknock compounds, plastics, synthetic rubbers, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, drinking and swimming water purification, sanitation of industrial and sewage wastes and in the degassing of aluminum metal. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chlorine has a suffocating pungent odor and the gas irritates the eyes and causes tears. Exposure to chlorine gas can be from oral, inhalation and dermal and eye routes. Chlorine gas can lead to ocular irritation and burns. Skin exposure can cause irritation, pain, erythema, blister and burns. Liquid chlorine on contact can burn the skin and eyes. Initially the irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, followed by coughing and wheezing, dyspnea, sputum production and chest pain. Larger exposures may lead to hyperchloremic acidosis, anoxia and may lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest. Chemical pneumonitis may follow. The effects of chronic exposure to chlorine among workers at a pulp mill have shown persistent respiratory symptoms. Bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were noted. There have also been occasional reports of asthma precipitated by exposure to chlorinated water. In a series of in vitro experiments on a human lymphocyte culture system reported that chlorine concn 2-20 times those normally found in drinking water induced chromatid and chromosome breaks, translocations, dicentric chromosomes, and gaps. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exposure of rats to 3 or 9 ppm chlorine for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks was associated with decreased body weight, increased hematocrit and white cell count (in females exposed to 9 ppm only), and increases in clinical chemistry measures suggestive of altered renal function. There was gross evidence of an inflammatory reaction in the upper and lower respiratory tract among animals exposed to a 9 ppm concentration of chlorine; animals exposed to 3 ppm exhibited these effects to a lesser degree. Water containing 0, 70, 140, or 275 ppm chlorine was provided to groups of 70 rats or mice of each sex for up to 2 years. Although the marginal increase in leukemia incidence in the mid- and high-dose female rats suggested a possible association with the administration of chlorinated water, the incidence of leukemia was not clearly dose related. There was no indication of reduced latency of leukemia, and the incidence of leukemia in concurrent controls was less than the mean for historical controls; furthermore, there was no supporting evidence of an effect in male rats. Thus, the marginal increase in leukemia incidence in female rats was considered equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity. There were no neoplasms or nonneoplastic lesions in male rats or in male or female mice that were clearly associated with the consumption of chlorinated water. In vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) was studied in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) derived from bone marrow of chlorinated drinking water (CDW)-treated Wistar rats. The results demonstrated significant increases of micronucleated PCEs in the bone marrow of rats fed with relatively low CDW doses (33.3mL/kg body weight per day). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Estuarine water was chlorinated to 10 mg/L, aged 10-35 days and then used as growth medium for three phytoplankton species, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Dunaliella species, Isochrysis galbana. Total residual chlorine compounds were undetectable in the chlorinated water; two species did not grow even after the water had been aged 35 days. A more resistant species grew in chlorinated water aged 23 or 35 days but did not grow in water aged 10 days. All three species grew well in the same water that had not been chlorinated.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

氯离子失衡可能导致电解质和pH值失衡。血液中氯离子过多被称为高氯血症。高氯血症通常与饮食中摄入过量的氯离子有关，这通常只会在摄入大量食盐和氯化钾（高钠血症）时发生。高氯血症还可能由于长期呕吐、出汗或发热、肾功能衰竭、肾脏疾病或糖尿病导致体液流失而发生。血液中的氯离子量由肾脏精确控制。除非是钠氯代谢受损的特殊情况，例如在充血性心力衰竭中，否则在人类中尚未观察到氯离子中毒。

Chloride imbalances can lead to electrolyte and pH imbalances. Excessive chloride in the blood is known as hyperchloremia. Often hyperchloremia is associated with excessive intakes of dietary chloride, which only occur with the ingestion of large amounts of salt and potassium chloride (hypernatremia). Hyperchloremia can also occur due to loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, sweating or fever, kidney failure, kidney disorders or diabetes. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except in the special case of impaired sodium chloride metabolism, e.g. in congestive heart failure.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

氯是一种强氧化剂，它在水中水解形成盐酸和次氯酸。在这种形式下，它可以穿透细胞并形成N-氯衍生物，这些衍生物可能损害细胞完整性。氯会与上呼吸道粘膜的水分反应。水溶性氯或次氯酸/次氯酸钠的毒性机制与氯气的毒性机制基本相同。然而，次氯酸是一种比氯气更强的氧化剂，这从它更高的氧化还原电位可以看出。上消化道损伤，如可能发生在摄入次氯酸钠漂白剂之后，很可能是次氯酸与一系列生物分子发生氧化反应的结果。

Chlorine is a strong oxidizer that hydrolyzes in water forming hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. In this form, it can penetrate the cell and form N-chloro-derivatives that can damage cellular integrity. Chlorine reacts with water in the epithelial lining of the upper respiratory airways. The mechanism of toxicity of aqueous chlorine or a hypochlorous acid/sodium hypochlorite is basically the same as that for chlorine gas. However, hypochlorous acid is a stronger oxidant than chlorine gas as reflected by its higher redox potential. Damage to the upper gastrointestinal tract, as may occur following ingestion of sodium hypochlorite bleach, is likely the result of oxidation reactions of hypochlorous acid with a range of biological molecules.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4；不可归类为人类致癌物。

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

无致癌性迹象（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

氯主要通过尿液和粪便排出体外，主要以氯离子形式（摄入量的81%）排出。

Chlorine is eliminated primarily in urine and feces, mainly (81% of ingested label) as the chloride ion.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

氯气在植物叶片中发现积累；它是通过气孔进入的。

Chlorine gas is found to accumulate in the leaves of plants; entering via the stomata.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

氯，无论是氯气、亚氯酸根离子还是次氯酸根，都是一个强氧化剂，它能轻易与有机分子反应，生成多种氯化化合物。在生物系统中这种活性使得研究氯的药物代谢动力学变得困难，并难以区分氯与其化合物及代谢产物的影响。

Chlorine, as chlorine gas, chlorite ion, and hypochlorite, is a strong oxidant that readily reacts with organic molecules to produce a variety of chlorinated compounds. This reactivity in biological systems makes it difficult to study the pharmacokinetics of chlorine and to separate the effects of chlorine from those of the chlorine compounds and metabolites.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  2.3
• 危险品标志：
  T
• 安全说明：
  S45,S61,S9
• 危险类别码：
  R50,R36/37/38,R23
• WGK Germany：
  2
• RTECS号：
  FO2100000
• 海关编码：
  2801100000
• 危险类别：
  2.3
• 危险标志：
  GHS03,GHS04,GHS06,GHS09
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 1017 2.3
• 危险性描述：
  H270,H280,H315,H319,H331,H335,H400
• 危险性防范说明：
  P220,P244,P261,P304 + P340 + P312,P403 + P233,P410 + P403

SDS

第一部分：化学品名称

制备方法与用途

制备方法

大规模生产氯气的方法

1. 通过电解饱和食盐水获得工业液氯。

2. 利用漂白粉与盐酸反应制备大量氯气，或利用启普发生器制取少量氯气并提纯。

    <dt>净化过程</dt>
    <dd>高纯度氯气可通过干燥、吸附和冷凝等步骤获得。</dd>

    <dt>仪器设备</dt>
    <dd>包括D2SO4储器、连接管、盛有NaCl的瓶、DCl接受器及其他辅助设备。</dd>
</dl>

<b class="ip_info4_code">应用领域</b>
<dl class="ip_deslist">
    <dt>高新技术领域</dt>
    <dd>主要用于大规模集成电路、光纤和高温超导等领域。</dd>

    <dt>水处理与环保</dt>
    <dd>氯作为强氧化剂，能不同程度地氧化冷却水中的有机物，并可能生成有毒的氯代烃。需配合使用非氧化型杀菌剂和黏泥剥离剂。</dd>

    <dt>工业应用</dt>
    <dd>1. 纺织品和纸浆漂白。
        2. 冶金工业中用于生产金属钛、镁等。
        3. 化学工业中用于制造次氯酸钠、三氯化铝等无机化工产品及有机氯化物，如氯乙酸、环氧氯丙烷等。
        4. 塑料和增塑剂的生产。
        5. 合成洗涤剂原料如烷基磺酸钠和烷基苯磺酸钠。
        6. 农药工业中用作高效杀虫剂、杀菌剂及除草剂的原料。
        7. 自来水消毒与净化。

    <dt>半导体行业</dt>
    <dd>作为气体蚀刻剂，尤其可与三氯化硼混合用于铝的蚀刻。也可应用于晶体生长和热氧化等工艺。</dd>

    <dt>其他应用</dt>
    <dd>如生产聚氯乙烯及制造各种含氯化合物、盐酸等。</dd>
</dl>

注：原文中提到的制备过程较为复杂且涉及专业设备，简化整理以易于理解。具体操作时请参照标准实验方法与安全规范。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  氯 在 NH₃ 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 ammonium hypochlorite
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Gmelin Handbook: Cl: MVol., 98, page 265 - 268

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  亚硝酰氯 以 gaseous matrix 为溶剂， 生成 氯
  参考文献：
  名称：

  时间分辨LMR研究ClNO在基态（2 P ）和激发态（2 P ）自旋轨道状态下的反应

  摘要：

  Nd：YAG激光的三次谐波（354 nm）和三次谐波（266 nm）对ClNO的光解作用已导致Cl精细结构能级的总体反转。Cl（2 P ）+ ClNO→Cl 2 + NO的速率常数已确定为（7.7±1.7）×10 -11 cm 3 / s，并且对Cl 2（354 nm），S 2 Cl 2进行了光解。（266 nm）和ICl（530 nm）作为Cl（2 P ）的来源。氯（的反应2 P ）已被证明是比氯（低得多2 P ）。Cl（2 P）已经确定为等于（1.8±0.4）×10 -11 cm 3 / s，ICl（530 nm）和ClNO（354; 266 nm）的光解用作Cl（2 P ）的来源。所有结果均在298±5 K的温度下获得。

  DOI：

  10.1016/0301-0104(87)80071-x
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  1-[(3-Fluorocyclobutyl)sulfanyl]ethan-1-one 在 氯 作用下， 以 二氯甲烷 、 水 为溶剂， 生成 3-fluorocyclobutane-1-sulfonyl chloride 、 3-fluorocyclobutane-1-sulfonyl chloride
  参考文献：
  名称：

  用于有机化学和药物化学的 2- 和 3-氟环丁烷结构单元

  摘要：

  公开了2-和3-单氟化环丁烷结构单元的多克合成。在这两种情况下，氟环丁烷羧酸是用于获得所有其他衍生物（例如胺、醇、溴化物、硫醇、磺酰氯等）的关键中间体。对于这两种目标化学型，相应羧酸的非对映纯顺式和反式异构体以及通过非对映异构体分离得到胺。还通过模型衍生物的pKa和 Log P测量来表征2-和 3- 氟环丁基取代基。

  DOI：

  10.1002/ejoc.202400493

文献信息

• A European Perspective on Depression in the Community: The DEPRES Study
  作者：Saena Arbabzadeh-Bouchez、Andre Tylee、Jean-Pierre Lépine

  DOI：10.1017/s1092852900017430

  日期：2002.2

  Depression is one of the most prevalent disorders in the general population, causing personal and social disability and impairment. Major studies assessing the diagnosis and management of depression have shown that it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. A pan-European study aimed at assessing the extent and consequences of depression in six different countries is reported in this article. Different types of depressive profiles are analyzed and their respective management has been compared. The importance of improving diagnosis and treatment of depression is underlined. Appropriate management of depression depends on the recognition of depressive symptoms by patients, their possibility of seeking care, and the ability of the primary care physician to recognize the disorder and prescribe the appropriate medicines. Improvement in all of these fields is necessary.

  摘要抑郁症是普通人群中最常见的疾病之一，会造成个人和社会的残疾和损伤。对抑郁症的诊断和管理进行评估的主要研究表明，抑郁症往往诊断不足、治疗不力。本文报告了一项泛欧研究，旨在评估六个不同国家抑郁症的程度和后果。研究分析了不同类型的抑郁症，并对其各自的治疗方法进行了比较。文章强调了改进抑郁症诊断和治疗的重要性。抑郁症的适当治疗取决于患者对抑郁症状的认识、他们寻求治疗的可能性以及初级保健医生识别疾病和开具适当药物的能力。所有这些领域都需要改进。
• Phosphorus–fluorine chemistry. Part XXI. Pentafluorophenylfluorophosphines and pentafluorophenylfluorophosphoranes
  作者：M. Fild、R. Schmutzler

  DOI：10.1039/j19690000840

  日期：——

  The preparation of the fluorophosphines, (C6F5)nPF3–n, and of the fluorophosphoranes, (C6F5)nPF5–n, as well as of the related oxygen species, (C6F5)nP(:O)F3–n(n= 1, 2) is described. 19F and 31P N.m.r. data for the new compounds are reported and discussed.

  （C 6 F 5）n PF 3– n的氟代膦酸酯和（C 6 F 5）n PF 5– n的氟代膦酸酯的制备以及相关的氧种类（C 6 F 5）描述n P（：O）F 3- n（n = 1，2）。报告并讨论了新化合物的19 F和31 P Nmr数据。
• Detection of coronary stenoses by stress echocardiography using a previously implanted pacemaker for ventricular pacing: Preliminary report of a new method
  作者：Daniel Benchimol、Marc Mazanof、HÉLÈNe Benchimol、Virginie Bernard、Thierry Couffinhal、Raymond Roudaut、BÉNÉDicte Dubroca、Jean François Dartigues、Jacques Bonnet、Xaver Pillois

  DOI：10.1002/clc.4960231111

  日期：2000.11

  infarction. HYPOTHESIS To detect significant coronary stenosis in patients with previously implanted pacemakers, we tested a new stress echocardiography method using incremental ventricular pacing by already implanted pacemakers. METHODS We studied prospectively 25 consecutive patients who underwent stress echocardiography with increasing ventricular pacing up to either 85% of the age-predicted maximal

  背景技术具有起搏器的患者的数量一直在增加，并且其中许多患者将出现胸痛或暗示心绞痛的症状。使用起搏器的患者很难通过无创方法检测和评估心肌缺血和冠状动脉疾病。通常，就缺血甚至急性心肌梗塞而言，静止和运动期间的心电图（ECG）都很难分析。假设为了检测先前植入起搏器的患者的严重冠状动脉狭窄，我们测试了一种新的应力超声心动图方法，该方法采用已经植入的起搏器进行增量心室起搏。方法我们前瞻性地研究了连续25例接受压力超声心动图检查的患者，这些患者的心室起搏增加至年龄预测的最大心率或胸痛的85％。阳性试验是由新的运动功能减退或至少在两个相邻地区壁运动的先前变化加重定义的。所有患者均进行了冠状动脉造影，以确定冠状动脉狭窄的存在和严重程度。结果在25项测试中，有11项（44％）因胸痛而停止使用。中度不适感为1（4％），血压下降为1（4％），其余12位患者（48％）的测试中达到了目标起搏率。没有并发症。13名患
• Photoreduction of Pt(IV) Halo-Hydroxo Complexes: Possible Hypohalous Acid Elimination
  作者：Lasantha A. Wickramasinghe、Paul R. Sharp

  DOI：10.1021/ic402358s

  日期：2014.2.3

  detected in photolyzed benzene solutions. Photolysis of 3 or 6 in the presence of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (TME) yields the chlorohydrin (2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-3-butanol), 3-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-1-butene, and acetone, all expected products from HOCl trapping, but additional oxidation products are also observed. Photolysis of mixed chloro-bromo complex 7 with TME yields the bromohydrin (2-bromo-2,3-dimethyl-3-butanol)

  将浓缩的过氧化氢加至反式Pt（PEt 3）2 Cl（R）[ 1（R = 9-菲基），2（R = 4-三氟甲基苯基）]可以生成反式Pt（PEt 3）2（ Cl）（OOH）（OH）（R）[ 5（R = 9-菲基），4（R = 4-三氟甲基苯基）]，其中氢过氧配体反式为R。络合物5不稳定并与溶剂CH 2反应CL 2，得到的反式，顺式-Pt（PET 3）2（Cl）的2（OH）（9-菲基）（3）。用HCl处理4可获得类似的反式-顺式-Pt（PEt 3）2（Cl）2（OH）（4-三氟甲基苯基）（6）和HBr产生反式-Pt（PEt 3）2（Br）（Cl）（ OH）（4-三氟甲基苯基）（7），其中Br和4-三氟甲基苯基配体是反式的。3或6在313或380 nm处发生光解会导致反式Pt（PEt 3）2 Cl（R）（1或2）。未检测到预期的副产物HOCl，但显示出真实的HOCl溶液在反应条件下会分解。在光解苯溶液中检测到氯苯和其他可将PPh
• Age Dependence of Laryngeal Chemoreflex in Puppies
  作者：Han-Q Park、Won-Pyo Hong、Kwang-Moon Kim、Myung-Sang Kim、Young-Ho Kim、Dong-Young Kim

  DOI：10.1177/000348940111001012

  日期：2001.10

  Previously collected data have indicated that the laryngeal chemoreflex (lcr) response is exaggerated during a critical period of postnatal development in several experimental animals. These animals had fewer anatomic and physiological similarities to humans than do puppies. This investigation of the lcr in 14 anesthetized puppies was undertaken to determine age-related differences in the response to stimulation of the supraglottic laryngeal mucosa by saline solution, distilled water, cow's milk, and acid at pH 1.0. The dogs were divided into 3 age groups: group 1 consisted of 4 dogs that were 2 weeks old, and in groups 2 and 3 there were 5 puppies each, of 4 and 6 weeks of age, respectively. The lcr response (laryngospasm, apnea, respiratory depression, and bradycardia) was found in the puppies only after stimulation of the laryngeal mucosa with acid at pH 1.0, and it was more easily achieved in the 4- and 6-week age groups than in the 2-week group. These findings suggest that the lcr is an age-dependent response that appears in dogs only after 2 weeks of age. The important implication of this finding is that postnatal neural maturation may influence the laryngeal reflex in humans to some extent.

  先前收集的数据表明，在几种实验动物的出生后发育的关键时期，喉化学反射（lcr）反应被夸大。这些动物与幼犬相比，与人类的解剖和生理相似性较少。对14只麻醉幼犬进行了喉化学反射的研究，以确定对盐水、蒸馏水、牛奶和pH 1.0的酸刺激喉上部喉粘膜的反应存在年龄相关差异。狗被分为3个年龄组：第1组包括4只2周大的狗，第2组和第3组分别有5只4周大和6周大的幼犬。只有在用pH 1.0的酸刺激喉粘膜后，幼犬才出现喉化学反射（喉痉挛、呼吸暂停、呼吸抑制和心动过缓），而在4周和6周龄组比2周龄组更容易实现这种反应。这些发现表明，喉化学反射是一种年龄相关的反应，只有在幼犬满2周大后才出现。这一发现的重要含义是，出生后神经成熟可能在一定程度上影响人类的喉反射。

表征谱图