Carworth farms, CF1 female mice /were administered p-aminopropiophenone at/ doses /of/ 10, 20, 30 mg PAPP/kg bw by intraperitoneal injection. Wet chemistry methods were used to analyze an active metabolite in the urine at different time periods. PAPP was excreted in urine both unchanged and as the acetyl derivative. The proportion of the PAPP dose excreted in urine reduced with increasing dose.
The N-hydroxy derivatives of p-ethylaniline, p-chloroaniline, p- and m-aminopropiophenone, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 2-aminofluorene were found in the urine after injection. Rabbits excrete 30 per cent of the p-aminopropiophenone and 20 per cent of the 4-aminobiphenyl as N-hydroxy derivative. The N-hydroxy derivatives of the other amines appear in the urine to a much smaller extent. Guinea pigs excrete a smaller proportion of the amines as N-hydroxy derivative than rabbits; 15 per cent of p-amino-propiophenone was found in the urine as N-hydroxy derivative. Dogs excrete only 1 per cent or less of the amines tested as N-hydroxy derivative. N-Hydroxy-p-amino-propiophenone is excreted to a large extent as a conjugate which is split in acid solution. The fraction of p-aminopropiophenone excreted as N-hydroxy derivative is the same over a wide range of doses. The relationship between the concentration of N-hydroxy derivative, and nitroso analogue, in the blood and urine of rabbits is quite different from that observed in dogs.
Sprague Dawley rats /were administered a single/ 5 mg PAPP/kg bw /dose/ by gavage. Rat urine contained three major components, unchanged PAPP (10%), N-acetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (60%) and an unidentified polar compound which the authors concluded was the sulphate conjugate of N-acetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (it could be the glucuronic acid conjugate). 4-N hydroxyl amino propiophenone (PHAPP) is generally believed to the proximate methaemoglobin generator, but this or degradation products of it were not found.
Four beagle dogs /were administered / 0.5 mg PAPP/kg bw ... for excretion studies. One mg/kg bw to four animals for metabolism studies. Excretion was rapid primarily in the urine. N-acetyl derivatives were not seen, the radioactivity was present in unchanged PAPP, 4-amino, 3-hydroxypropiophenone and the beta-hydroxylated derivative, both as sulphate conjugates.
The metabolic pathway in the monkeys was more complex than either the rat or dog. The same major pathway as rats occurs, but some of the p aminobenzoic acid appears as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. PAPP is also metabolized to p-amino benzoic acid with is then conjugated with glycine to give para-aminohippuric acid. Analysis of methanol extract of monkey plasma showed 5% of the radioactivity was attributable to 4,4'-dipropionylazooxybenene (DAPB) /following 25 mg PAPP/kg bw (14)C-labeled)/, which could have resulted from PHAPP [the suggested methemoglobin forming metabolite].
The bioactivation of the cyanide antidote methemoglobin former 4-aminopropiophenone (4-PAPP) was studied using rat and human microsomes. With rat liver and NADPH in single and two-compartment systems, dapsone and benzocaine were more potent methemoglobin generators compared with 4-PAPP. In the single compartment studies, the order of potency of inhibition of 4-PAPP-mediated methemoglobin formation was cimetidine (1.5 mM)>isoniazid (500 uM)/diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC, 1 mM)>erythromycin (500 uM). Human liver microsomal activation of 4-PAPP in the two-compartment system was partially inhibited by both DDC and cimetidine. These preliminary studies suggest that 4-PAPP may be metabolized by /cytochromes P450/ 2C11, 2E1 and 3A in the rat and /cytochromes P450/ 2C, 2E1 and probably 3A4 in man.
Nitrobenzene, aniline, p-aminotoluene (p-AT), p-aminoacetophenone (p-AAP) and p-aminopropiophenone (p-APP) have widely different activities as methemoglobin-forming agents in mice. As assessed by circulating levels after intra-peritoneal administration, p-AT was the least potent compound of the series, but nitrobenzene and aniline were also only weakly active even at lethal doses. Three hydroxylamine analogues from the above series were all about equipotent as methemoglobin forming agents in mice. Moreover, at a dose of 0.1 mole/kg each produced a transient methemoglobinemia that was remarkably similar to that resulting from p-APP. A methemoglobinemia with similar temporal characteristics was also produced by o-aminophenol, but this compound is about ten times less potent. p-Aminophenol was even weaker, being about as active as aniline. When aniline or nitrobenzene was given in combination with sodium nitrite, circulating methemoglobin levels were prolonged. Such a synergism was not seen when either was given in combination with p-APP. Methylene blue in vivo attenuated the methemoglobinemic response to both p-APP and nitrite. It was more effective, however, against the latter, as evaluated at doses that produced equivalent peak circulating levels. In its time pattern the effect of nitrite was similar in vivo (intact mouse) and in vitro (mouse red cell suspension). In contrast, methemoglobinemia produced by phenylhydroxylamine appears to persist longer in red cells than in the intact animal. Apparently, factors external to the red cell are important in terminating some kinds of induced methemoglobinemias.
Pretreatment with sodium nitrite or p-aminopropiophenone has been shown to protect armadillos, rabbits, and mice from death by parenteral sodium sulfide. The degree of protection correlated with anticipated levels of methemoglobinemia. Pretreatment of mice with nitrite or PAPP significantly prolonged their survival during continuous vapor exposure to any one of three concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, but the greatest protection occurred at the intermediate concentration. Under certain conditions propylene glycol also prolonged survival time, probably by a nonspecific action in depressing respirations. The mechanism of protection against sulfide by methemoglobinemia is discussed with reference to the formation of sulfmethemoglobin and its possible fate in vivo.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Sprague Dawley rats /were administered a single/ 5 mg PAPP/kg bw /dose/ by gavage. Rat excretion was rapid primarily in the urine, but 9% in feces, and a small proportion of a radio label 4-6% was found in expired air. [The authors claim this only applies in males, this conclusion is flawed. The estimate is based on radiolabel studies. The label was on the carbonyl atom for the male rats but on the benzene ring for the females. It is likely that the exhaled label was from metabolism to CO2, which would only be seen in the males in the study.]
The bioavailability of the PAPP from /a/ 0.4 mg/kg bw/day gavage dose was 32 +/- 10% (the bioavailability depended on the formulation, the range being 20 - 47%), and the time to the maximum methemoglobin concentration was 60 - 90 minutes. The peak methemoglobin was stated to lagged behind the peak plasma drug concentration by at least 60 minutes. This report proposes that PAPP is oxidized by cytochrome P450 (possibly in the lung) and then enters the blood where some of active metabolite oxidizes hemoglobin. This study demonstrates relatively high and rapid absorption via the oral route ... The short period time before the peak methemoglobin concentration (about 90 minutes for PAPP) indicates that the substance is readily metabolized and excreted, as would be expected from the structure of the molecule (with the possible exception of cats).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
随着剂量的增加,PAPP剂量在尿液中的排泄比例降低。
... The proportion of the PAPP dose excreted in urine is reduced with increasing dose.
Cynomologus monkeys /were administered/ 25 mg/kg bw (14)C-labeled to four monkeys for metabolism studies (by gavage). Excretion was rapid primarily in the urine, but slower in females than males.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
(±)-2-(N-tert-Butylamino)-3′-[125I]-iodo-4′-azidopropiophenone: A dopamine transporter and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor photoaffinity ligand based on bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
摘要:
Towards addressing the knowledge gap of how bupropion interacts with the dopamine transporter (DAT) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), a ligand was synthesized in which the chlorine of bupropion was isosterically replaced with an iodine and a photoreactive azide was added to the 4'-position of the aromatic ring. Analog (+/-)-3 (SADU-3-72) demonstrated modest DAT and alpha 4 beta 2 nAChR affinity. A radioiodinated version was shown to bind covalently to hDAT expressed in cultured cells and affinity-purified, lipid-reincorporated human alpha 4 beta 2 neuronal nAChRs. Co-incubation of (+/-)-[I-125]-3 with non-radioactive (+/-)-bupropion or (-)-cocaine blocked labeling of these proteins. Compound (+/-)-[I-125]-3 represents the first successful example of a DAT and nAChR photoaffinity ligand based on the bupropion scaffold. Such ligands are expected to assist in mapping bupropion-binding pockets within plasma membrane monoamine transporters and ligand-gated nAChR ion channels. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zinc Trimethylsilylamide as a Mild Ammonia Equivalent and Base for the Amination of Aryl Halides and Triflates
作者:Dae-Yon Lee、John F. Hartwig
DOI:10.1021/ol050141b
日期:2005.3.1
report that Zn[N(SiMe(3))(2)](2) is a mild ammoniaequivalent and base for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides and triflates. In contrast to LiN(SiMe(3))(2), the combination of Zn[N(SiMe(3))(2)](2) and LiCl coupled with aryl halides and triflates containing base-sensitive functionality in high yields. In addition, aryl bromides coupled with aryl and alkylamines with the combination of
A novel highly selective Ag-catalyzed intermolecular amination of fluoroarenes has been developed. This transformation starts from readily available 4-carbonyl fluorobenzene and NaN3 or other nitrogen-source, via amination followed by C–F bond cleavage, thus affording the desired 4-carbonyl arylamine products under mild conditions. The reaction is accelerated using a small amount of water. This pathway
Design, synthesis and SAR of new-di-substituted pyridopyrimidines as ATP-competitive dual PI3Kα/mTOR inhibitors
作者:Aisha A.K. Al-Ashmawy、Fatma A. Ragab、Khaled M. Elokely、Manal M. Anwar、Oscar Perez-Leal、Mario C. Rico、John Gordon、Eugeney Bichenkov、George Mateo、Emad M.M. Kassem、Gehan H. Hegazy、Magid Abou-Gharbia、Wayne Childers
DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.044
日期:2017.7
PI3Kα/mTOR ATP-competitiveinhibitors are considered as one of the promising molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics. Based on lead compound A from the literature, two similar series of 2-substituted-4-morpholino-pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogs were designed and synthesized as PI3Kα/mTOR dual inhibitors. Interestingly, most of the series gave excellent inhibition for both
PI3Kα/ mTOR ATP竞争性抑制剂被认为是有前途的分子靶向癌症治疗剂之一。基于文献中的铅化合物A,设计并合成了两个相似的2-取代-4-吗啉代-吡啶并[3,2- d ]嘧啶和吡啶并[2,3- d ]嘧啶类似物系列,并将其合成为PI3Kα/ mTOR dual抑制剂。有趣的是,大多数系列均对两种酶均具有优异的抑制作用,IC 50值范围从一位到两位数nM。与许多PI3Kα/ mTOR双重抑制剂不同,我们的化合物显示出对PI3Kα的选择性。基于其强大的酶抑制活性,对PI3Kα的选择性以及在2D细胞培养活力测定中良好的治疗指数,化合物4h选择在3D培养中评估其针对MCF7乳腺癌细胞的IC 50以及与这两种酶的对接研究。
[EN] NAMPT MODULATORS<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS DE NAMPT
申请人:CYTOKINETICS INC
公开号:WO2021159015A1
公开(公告)日:2021-08-12
Provided are compounds of Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and p are as defined herein. Also provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided are methods of using a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[EN] PRODUCTION OF N-ALKYLAMIDE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] PRODUCTION DE COMPOSES DE N-ALKYLAMIDE
申请人:TAKASAGO PERFUMERY CO LTD
公开号:WO2004087637A1
公开(公告)日:2004-10-14
The present invention provides an efficient process for the production of N-acylaniline derivatives by selectively alkylating an amide group at the nitrogen atom. The process comprises reacting an amide compound of the formula (2): (wherein, R1 and R2 are each independently an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a substituted alkenyl group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group) with a sulfuric acid ester in the presence of a solid metal hydroxide to give an N-alkylamide compound of the formula (3): (wherein R3 is an alkyl group and R1 and R2 have each the same meaning as described above).