A Common Mechanism for Branching, Cyclopropanation, and Cyclobutanation Reactions in the Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway
摘要:
Four reactions-chain elongation, cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation-are used in nature to join isoprenoid units for construction of the carbon skeletons for over 55 000 naturally occurring isoprenoid compounds. Those molecules produced by chain elongation have head-to-tail (regular) carbon skeletons, while those from cyclopropanation, branching, or cyclobutanation have non-head-to-tail (irregular) skeletons. Although wild type enzymes have not been identified for the branching and cyclobutanation reactions, chimeric proteins constructed from farnesyl diphosphate synthase (chain elongation) and chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (cyclopropanation) catalyze all four of the known isoprenoid coupling reactions to give a mixture of geranyl diphosphate (chain elongation), chrysanthemyl diphosphate (cyclopropanation), lavandulyl diphosphate (branching), and maconelliyl and planococcyl diphosphate (cyclobutanation). Replacement of the hydrogen atoms at C1 or C2 or hydrogen atoms in the methyl groups of dimethylallyl diphosphate by deuterium alters the distribution of the cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation products through primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects on the partitioning steps of common carbocationic intermediates. These experiments establish the sequence in which the intermediates are formed and indicate that enzyme-mediated control of the carbocationic rearrangement and elimination steps determines the distribution of products.
Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled Derivatives of Dimethylallyl Diphosphate
摘要:
Short practical syntheses for five deuterium-labeled derivatives of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) useful for enzymological studies are reported. These include the preparation of the Cl-labeled derivatives (R)-[1-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((R)-[1-H-2]1-OPP) and (S)-[1-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((S)-[1-H-2]1-OPP), the C2-labeled derivative [2-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ([2-H-2]1-OPP), and the methyl-labeled derivatives (E)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((E)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]1-OPP) and (Z)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate ((Z)[4,4,4-H-2(3)]1-OPP).
A Common Mechanism for Branching, Cyclopropanation, and Cyclobutanation Reactions in the Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway
作者:Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram、Hans K. Erickson、C. Dale Poulter
DOI:10.1021/ja0771282
日期:2008.2.1
Four reactions-chain elongation, cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation-are used in nature to join isoprenoid units for construction of the carbon skeletons for over 55 000 naturally occurring isoprenoid compounds. Those molecules produced by chain elongation have head-to-tail (regular) carbon skeletons, while those from cyclopropanation, branching, or cyclobutanation have non-head-to-tail (irregular) skeletons. Although wild type enzymes have not been identified for the branching and cyclobutanation reactions, chimeric proteins constructed from farnesyl diphosphate synthase (chain elongation) and chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (cyclopropanation) catalyze all four of the known isoprenoid coupling reactions to give a mixture of geranyl diphosphate (chain elongation), chrysanthemyl diphosphate (cyclopropanation), lavandulyl diphosphate (branching), and maconelliyl and planococcyl diphosphate (cyclobutanation). Replacement of the hydrogen atoms at C1 or C2 or hydrogen atoms in the methyl groups of dimethylallyl diphosphate by deuterium alters the distribution of the cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation products through primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects on the partitioning steps of common carbocationic intermediates. These experiments establish the sequence in which the intermediates are formed and indicate that enzyme-mediated control of the carbocationic rearrangement and elimination steps determines the distribution of products.
Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled Derivatives of Dimethylallyl Diphosphate
作者:Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram、Richard M. Phan、Susan B. Rivera、C. Dale Poulter
DOI:10.1021/jo052384n
日期:2006.2.1
Short practical syntheses for five deuterium-labeled derivatives of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) useful for enzymological studies are reported. These include the preparation of the Cl-labeled derivatives (R)-[1-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((R)-[1-H-2]1-OPP) and (S)-[1-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((S)-[1-H-2]1-OPP), the C2-labeled derivative [2-H-2]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ([2-H-2]1-OPP), and the methyl-labeled derivatives (E)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate ((E)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]1-OPP) and (Z)-[4,4,4-H-2(3)]3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate ((Z)[4,4,4-H-2(3)]1-OPP).