Two novel α-tocopheryl-lipoic acid conjugates (TL1 and TL2) were synthesized for the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), delivery. Both conjugates were able to form stable nanovesicles. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was determined using 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (DMACA) as a fluorescence probe. Formation of highly packed nanovesicles was characterized by 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence anisotropy and microviscosity measurements. The morphologies of nanovesicles were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The response of nanovesicles to reducing environment of cells was probed by the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), which was followed by the increase in the hydrodynamic diameter under dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The encapsulation efficiency of a commonly used anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), in nanovesicles was found to be ∼60% and ∼55% for TL1 and TL2, respectively (TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX). Also, the cumulative drug (DOX) release from DOX-encapsulated nanovesicles in response to biological reducing agent glutathione (GSH) was ∼50% and ∼40% for TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX, respectively, over a period of 10 h. Both TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX delivered the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), across the DOX-sensitive and DOX-resistant HeLa (HeLa-DOXR) cells in an efficient manner and significantly more efficaciously than the drug alone treatments, especially in HeLa-DOXR cells. The nanovesicle mediated DOX treatment also showed significantly higher cell death when compared to DOX alone treatment in HeLa-DOXR cells. Blood compatibility of the nanovesicles was supported from clotting time, hemolysis, and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation experiments for their potential in vivo applications. Concisely, we present biocompatible and responsive nanovesicles for efficacious drug delivery to drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells.
合成了两种新型 α-
生育酚-
硫辛酸缀合物(TL1 和 T
L2),用于抗癌药物
阿霉素 (DOX) 的递送。两种缀合物都能形成稳定的纳米囊泡。使用 4-(N,N-
二甲氨基)
肉桂醛 (
DMACA) 作为荧光探针测定临界聚集浓度 (
CAC)。通过
1,6-二苯基-1,3,5-己三烯 (DPH) 荧光各向异性和微粘度测量来表征高度堆积的纳米囊泡的形成。通过透射电子显微镜(
TEM)和原子力显微镜(A
FM)观察纳米囊泡的形态。通过添加二
硫苏糖醇(D
TT)来探究纳米囊泡对细胞还原环境的响应,然后在动态光散射(DLS)测量下增加流体动力学直径。常用的抗癌药物
阿霉素 (DOX) 在纳米囊泡中的封装效率对于 TL1 和 T
L2(TL1-DOX 和 T
L2-DOX)分别为 ∼60% 和 ∼55%。此外,在 10 小时内,TL1-DOX 和 T
L2-DOX 响应
生物还原剂
谷胱甘肽(GSH)而从 DOX 封装的纳米囊泡中累积药物(DOX)释放量分别为 ∼50% 和 ∼40%。 TL1-DOX 和 T
L2-DOX 均以有效的方式将抗癌药物
阿霉素 (DOX) 传递到 DOX 敏感和 DOX 耐药的 HeLa (HeLa-DOXR) 细胞,并且比单独使用药物治疗更有效,尤其是在HeLa-DOXR 细胞。在 HeLa-DOXR 细胞中,与单独的 DOX 治疗相比,纳米囊泡介导的 DOX 治疗还显示出显着更高的
细胞死亡。凝血时间、溶血和红细胞(RBC)聚集实验支持纳米囊泡的血液相容性,以了解其潜在的体内应用。简而言之,我们提出了
生物相容性和响应性纳米囊泡,用于有效地将药物递送至药物敏感和耐药的癌细胞。