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三溴甲烷 | 75-25-2

中文名称
三溴甲烷
中文别名
溴仿
英文名称
Bromoform
英文别名
tribromomethane
三溴甲烷化学式
CAS
75-25-2
化学式
CHBr3
mdl
MFCD00000128
分子量
252.731
InChiKey
DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    8 °C
  • 沸点:
    150 °C
  • 密度:
    2.89 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
  • 蒸气密度:
    8.7 (vs air)
  • 闪点:
    148-150°C
  • 溶解度:
    溶于水中的溶解度:800份(lit.)
  • 暴露限值:
    NIOSH REL: TWA 0.5 ppm (5 mg/m3), IDLH 85e respiratory irritation (Patnaik, 1992).
  • 介电常数:
    4.4(20℃)
  • LogP:
    2.400
  • 物理描述:
    Colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor. [Note: A solid below 47°F.]
  • 颜色/状态:
    Colorless heavy liquid
  • 气味:
    Similar to chloroform
  • 味道:
    Sweetish taste
  • 蒸汽密度:
    8.7 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
  • 蒸汽压力:
    5.4 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated/
  • 亨利常数:
    5.35e-04 atm-m3/mole
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    1. **稳定性**:稳定。 2. **禁配物**:强氧化剂、活性金属粉末。 3. **避免接触的条件**:光照。 4. **聚合危害**:不聚合。 5. **分解析产物**:溴化氢。
  • 分解:
    Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Carbon oxides, Hydrogen bromide gas.
  • 粘度:
    0.74 mm²/s at 15 °C
  • 腐蚀性:
    ... Liquid bromoform will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
  • 汽化热:
    39.66 kJ/mol at 149.1 °C; 46.05 kJ/mol at 25 °C
  • 表面张力:
    41.53 dynes/cm at 20 °C
  • 电离电位:
    10.48 eV
  • 气味阈值:
    In water: detection: 0.3 mg/kg
  • 折光率:
    Index of refraction: 1.5948 at 25 °C/D
  • 保留指数:
    845.2;852.7;859;870;882;895;869.6;877;853.1;863.6;875;853;875;911;904.3;867.3;852;852;852;855;860

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    2.8
  • 重原子数:
    4
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    1.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    0
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    0

ADMET

代谢
三卤甲烷(卤仿)通过大鼠肝脏微粒体组分被代谢为一氧化碳,这一过程需要NADPH和分子氧以实现最大活性。单独的GSH不能作为辅因子;然而,在NADPH和氧气存在的情况下,GSH能使溴仿代谢为一氧化碳的能力增加8倍。其他巯基化合物也得到了类似的结果。对溴仿到一氧化碳的生物转化进行了时间过程、微粒体蛋白浓度、pH和温度方面的特征描述。卤仿代谢为一氧化碳遵循卤素顺序;因此,碘仿产生的一氧化碳量最多,而氯仿产生的量最少。溴仿的KM值为6.78 +/- 2.71 mM,Vmax为1.09 +/- 0.19 nmol的一氧化碳每毫克微粒体蛋白每分钟。这个反应的活化能为6.5 +/- 0.18 kcal/mol。发现细胞色素P-450能与溴仿结合产生I型结合光谱。用苯巴比妥或3-甲基胆蒽处理大鼠,增加了溴仿转化为一氧化碳的速度。用氯化钴处理大鼠或微粒体制剂在4摄氏度储存,减少了溴仿转化为一氧化碳的速度。SKF 525-A抑制了溴仿转化为一氧化碳的过程。这些结果表明,卤仿是通过细胞色素P-450依赖的混合功能氧化酶系统代谢为一氧化碳的。
Trihalomethanes (haloforms) were metabolized to carbon monoxide by a rat liver microsomal fraction requiring both NADPH and molecular oxygen for maximal activity. GSH alone did not serve as a cofactor; however, GSH in the presence of NADPH and oxygen produced an 8-fold increase in the metabolism of bromoform to CO. Similar results were obtained with other sulfhydryl compounds. The biotransformation of bromoform to CO was characterized with respect to time course, microsomal protein concentration, pH and temperature. The metabolism of haloforms to CO followed the halide order; thus, iodoform yielded the greatest amount of CO, whereas chloroform yielded the smallest amount. A KM of 6.78 +/- 2.71 mM was established for bromoform and the Vmax was 1.09 +/- 0.19 nmol of CO per mg of microsomal protein per min. The energy of activation for this reaction was 6.5 +/- 0.18 kcal/mol. Cytochrome P-450 was found to bind bromoform to produce a type I binding spectrum. Treatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene increased the rate of conversion of bromoform to CO. Cobaltous chloride treatment of rats or storage of microsomal preparations at 4 degrees C reduced the rate of formation of CO from bromoform. SKF 525-A inhibited the conversion of bromoform to CO. These results suggest that haloforms are metabolized to CO via a cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase system.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
三溴甲烷通过肝脏微粒体混合功能氧化酶代谢成一氧化碳。
Tribromomethane metabolized to carbon monoxide by hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
溴仿管理员对大鼠进行(13)C-溴仿处理后,形成了富集的(13)C一氧化碳,观察到溴仿剂量与一氧化碳产生之间存在剂量依赖关系。
Admin to rats of (13)C-bromoform led to formation of enriched (13)C monoxide a dose-dependent relationship between bromoform dose and carbon monoxide production was observed.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
三溴甲烷与亚铁细胞色素P450形成复合物,一氧化碳被检测为这种相互作用的代谢产物。
Tribromomethane forms complexes with ferrous cytochrome p450, carbon monoxide was detected as metabolic product of the interaction.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
溴主要通过吸入进入人体,但也可以通过皮肤接触。溴盐可以摄入。由于溴的活性,它会迅速形成溴化物并可能沉积在组织中,取代其他卤素。
Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
识别和使用:溴仿是一种无色的重质液体。它被用作有机合成的中间体、地质分析、用于蜡烛、油脂和油的溶剂。它还用于头发治疗配方中。溴仿以前用作消毒剂和镇静剂。人类研究:意外摄入该液体已导致中枢神经系统抑制,出现昏迷和反射丧失;较小剂量导致乏力、头痛和眩晕。暴露于溴仿蒸汽导致呼吸道、咽部和喉部刺激,以及流泪和流涎。儿童中发生了几起中毒事件;有些瞳孔极度收缩,而其他出现瞳孔散大,这可能与中枢神经系统的抑制深度有关。溴仿在体外诱导人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换和细胞周期延迟。动物研究:未稀释的溴仿对兔眼有中等刺激性,1到2天内可完全愈合。反复皮肤接触对兔皮肤造成中等刺激性。吸入非常高浓度的溴仿蒸汽(56000或84000 ppm)1小时,据报道会导致狗死亡。主要症状是初始兴奋随后深度镇静。这表明中枢神经系统抑制可能是这种急性暴露中死亡的主要原因。给大鼠单次腹腔注射3毫摩尔/千克体重,也显示出肾功能障碍,特点是肾小球滤过率降低、肾功能浓缩能力降低和血尿素氮水平升高。给小鼠灌胃溴仿后,变化包括肝脏脂肪浸润和肾脏、肾上腺、肺和脑的出血迹象。雄性比雌性更敏感。在小鼠中,溴仿在口服剂量为289毫克/千克体重,每天一次,连续14天后,观察到肾小管增生和肾小球变性。在妊娠第6-15天,通过口服灌胃向大鼠给予最高200毫克/千克/天的溴仿,后代中没有观察到显著的吸收位点数量、每胎胎儿数、胎儿体重、胎儿畸形或内脏异常的变化。NTP研究显示,溴仿在大鼠中具有致癌活性,但在小鼠中不具有致癌活性。溴仿在没有代谢激活的情况下对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA100株表现出致突变性,在代谢激活存在的情况下对TA97和TA98株表现出致突变性。溴仿在TA1535或TA1537中,无论有无代谢激活,都没有增加回复突变菌落。在培养的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中测试其细胞遗传学效应时,溴仿在无代谢激活的情况下增加了姐妹染色单体交换和染色体畸变,但在代谢激活存在的情况下没有增加。生态毒性研究:溴仿、氯仿和四氯乙烯协同作用,改变沙蠋胚胎神经发育的关键调节器。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bromoform is a colorless heavy liquid. It is used as intermediate in organic synthesis, geological assaying, solvent for waxes, greases, and oils. It is also used in hair treatment formulations. Bromoform was formerly used as an antiseptic and sedative. HUMAN STUDIES: Accidental ingestion of the liquid has produced central nervous system depression with coma and loss of reflexes; smaller doses have led to listlessness, headache, and vertigo. Exposure to bromoform vapor caused irritation of the respiratory tract, pharynx, and larynx, as well as lacrimation and salivation. Several cases of poisoning have occurred in children; some have had maximally constricted pupils, but others have had mydriasis, probably related to depth of depression of CNS. Bromoform induced sister chromatid exchanges and cell-cycle delays in human lymphocytes in vitro. ANIMAL STUDIES: Undiluted bromoform was moderately irritating to rabbit eyes, and healing was complete in 1 to 2 days. Repeated skin contact caused moderate irritation to rabbit skin. Inhalation of very high concentrations (56,000 or 84,000 ppm) of bromoform vapor for 1 hour has been reported to cause death in dogs. The chief symptoms noted were initial excitation followed by deep sedation. This indicates that central nervous system depression is probably the chief cause of death in such acute exposures. A single ip dose of 3 mmol/kg bw given to rats has also been shown to produce renal dysfunction, characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate, reduced renal concentrating ability and elevated blood urea nitrogen levels. Following administration of bromoform by gavage to mice, changes included fatty infiltration of liver and signs of hemorrhage in kidneys, adrenals, lung, and brain. Males were more sensitive than females. In mice, bromoform has been observed to produce tubular hyperplasia and glomerular degeneration after an oral dose of 289 mg/kg bw daily for 14 days. No significant alterations in the number of resorption sites, fetuses per litter, fetal body weights, fetal malformations or visceral anomalies were observed in the offspring of rats administered up to 200 mg/kg/day bromoform in corn oil by oral gavage on gestational days 6-15. NTP studies demonstrated carcinogenic activity of bromoform in male and female rats but not in male or female mice. Bromoform exhibited mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in the absence of metabolic activation and in strains TA97 and TA98 when exposure occurred in the presence of metabolic activation. Bromoform produced no increases in revertant colonies in TA1535 or TA1537 with or without metabolic activation. When tested in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells for cytogenetic effects, bromoform produced an increase in both sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in the absence, but not in the presence of metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bromoform, chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene act synergistically to alter a key regulator of neuronal development in surf clam embryo.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
溴是一种强大的氧化剂,能够从粘膜的水分中释放氧自由基。这些自由基也是有力的氧化剂,会导致组织损伤。此外,氢溴酸和溴酸的形成会导致二次刺激。溴离子还已知会影响中枢神经系统,导致溴中毒。这被认为是因为溴离子取代了神经递质和传输系统中的氯离子,从而影响了众多的突触过程。(L626, L627, A543)
Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
评估:没有关于溴仿致癌性的相关流行病学数据。在实验动物中对溴仿的致癌性有有限证据。总体评估:溴仿对人体致癌性无法分类(第3组)。
Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of bromoform were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bromoform. Overall evaluation: Bromoform is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
分类:B2;可能的人类致癌物。分类依据:基于不充分的人类致癌数据以及充足的动物致癌性证据,即在给大鼠口服溴仿和给小鼠腹腔注射后,肿瘤发生率增加。溴仿在几个检测系统中具有基因毒性。此外,溴仿与其他三卤甲烷(例如,氯仿、溴二氯甲烷、二溴氯甲烷)在结构上相关,这些物质已被证实为可能的或可能的致癌物。人类致癌性数据:不充分。动物致癌性数据:充足。/基于先前的分类系统/
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate human carcinogen data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, namely an increased incidence of tumors after oral administration of bromoform in rats and intraperitoneal administration in mice. Bromoform is genotoxic in several assay systems. Also bromoform is structurally related to other trihalomethanes (e.g., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) which have been verified as either probable or possible carcinogens. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Based on former classification system/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
A3; 对人类相关性未知的动物致癌物。
A3; Animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
溴仿可以通过肺部、胃肠道以及在一定程度上通过皮肤吸收。吸入后,大脑中溴仿的浓度高于血液和肝脏。
Bromoform may be absorbed through the lungs, from the gastrointestinal tract, and, to a certain extent, through the skin. The brain contains higher concentrations of bromoform than blood and liver following inhalation.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
... 三溴甲烷 ... 用放射性碳(14)C标记后,通过胃管给药给雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠和雄性B6C3F1小鼠。在36或48小时后,进行了尸检。研究了血液、膀胱、大脑、肾脏、肝脏、肺、骨骼肌、胰腺、胃和胸腺。在大鼠中,取样器官的总放射性活度占给药总剂量的3%到6%,而在小鼠中为5%到14%。在两种物种中,给药后8小时尿液中的总放射性标记物含量不到5%,在36到48小时时不到10%。... 在三溴甲烷给药后,血液中发现了(14)C的活性。小鼠比大鼠更有效地代谢三溴甲烷。
... Bromoform ... labeled with (14)C was administered by intragastric intubation to male Sprague-Dawley rats and male B6C3F1 mice. After 36 or 48 hr, necropsies were performed. Blood, bladder, brain, kidneys, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, pancreas, stomach, and thymus were studied. The total radioactivity for sampled organs ranged from 3 to 6% of the total dose in the rats versus 5 to 14% for the mice. In both species, the urine contained less than 5% of total radiolabel at 8 hr post intubation and less than 10% of the total radiolabel at 36 to 48 hr. ... (14)C activity was found in the blood following bromoform dosing. Mice metabolize /bromoform/ to a greater extent than rats.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
三卤甲烷(THMs;氯仿、溴仿、溴二氯甲烷、二溴氯甲烷),作为氯化消毒的副产品,在水供应中常常被发现。THMs 通过细胞色素P-450进行代谢,很可能是CYP2E1的底物。因此,混合暴露可能导致THMs之间的毒代动力学相互作用。之前尚未研究过混合暴露时THMs的毒代动力学。本研究的目的是在大鼠中单独或联合给药时,表征四种THMs的血动学特性。每种THM单独给药剂量为0.25 mmol/kg或0.5 mmol/kg bw,或者给予一个含有每种THM 0.25 mmol/kg的四元混合物(总剂量为1.0 mmol/kg)。给药后20、40、60、120、180、270和360分钟通过顶空气相色谱(GC)测量THMs的静脉血浓度。结果显示,血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUCs)与给药剂量之间呈非线性关系,这表明在这个剂量范围内代谢已经饱和。与单独给药相比,给予四元混合物后THMs的静脉血浓度显著更高。混合暴露时THMs的动力学改变与它们肝脏代谢的相互抑制现象一致...
Trihalomethanes (THMs; chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane), formed as by-products of chlorine disinfection, are found to occur in combination in drinking water supplies. THMs are metabolized by cytochromes P-450 and are likely substrates of CYP2E1. Therefore, it is possible that mixed exposure results in toxicokinetic interactions among THMs. The toxicokinetics of THMs during mixed exposures has not been investigated previously. The purpose of this study was to characterize the blood kinetics of the four THMs administered singly or in combination in the rat. A single dose of 0.25 mmol/kg or 0.5 mmol/kg bw, of each THM alone, or of a quaternary mixture containing 0.25 mmol/kg of each THM (total dose of 1.0 mmol/kg) was administered by gavage. The venous blood concentrations of the THMs were measured by headspace gas chromatography (GC) at 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 270 and 360 min post-administration. Results showed a nonlinear relationship between the area under the blood concentration versus time curves (AUCs) and administered doses of THMs, suggesting that metabolism is saturated in this dose range. The venous blood concentrations of THMs following administration of the quaternary mixture were significantly higher compared to single exposures. The altered kinetics of THMs during combined exposures is consistent with the occurrence of mutual inhibition of their hepatic metabolism...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在氯化的饮用水中沐浴会导致人们接触到潜在的有毒消毒副产物(DBPs)...当前的研究...测量了三种重要类别的DBPs——三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤代酮(HKs)和卤代乙酸(HAAs)——在体外扩散室中通过人类皮肤的渗透系数(K(p))。使用线性混合效应模型来计算稳态渗透系数。当供体溶液温度为25摄氏度时,THMs的渗透系数范围从0.16到0.21厘米/小时。溴仿具有最高的K(p)值,而氯仿通过皮肤的渗透性最低。THMs的渗透性大约是HKs的10倍,而HAAs通过皮肤的渗透性非常低(1到3 x 10^-3厘米/小时,pH 7)。当温度从室温(20摄氏度)升高到沐浴温度(40摄氏度)时,HKs的渗透性增加了三倍。发现了THMs的渗透性与它们的辛醇/水分配系数之间存在直接关系,但HKs和HAAs则没有。使用美国环保局推荐的方法估算了一个平均成人每天沐浴活动的皮肤剂量,发现对于THMs来说,这一剂量是每日摄入剂量的40-70%,对于HKs来说是摄入剂量的10%,而对于HAAs来说则是摄入剂量的一个微不足道的百分比。除了摄入之外,皮肤吸收也是接触THMs和HKs的一个重要途径...。
Bathing in chlorinated drinking water causes significant exposure to potentially toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). ...The present studies ... measured the permeation coefficients (K(p)) of three important classes of DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs), haloketones (HKs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs), in aqueous solution across human skin using in vitro diffusion chambers. Linear mixed-effects model was utilized to calculate the steady-state permeability coefficients. The permeability coefficients of THMs ranged from 0.16 to 0.21 cm/hr when the donor solution was at 25 degrees C. Bromoform had the highest K(p) value, while chloroform was the least permeable through the skin. THMs were approximately 10 times more permeable than HKs, while the permeability of HAAs through the skin was very low (1 to 3 x 10-3 cm/hr, pH 7). The permeability of HKs tripled as the temperature was increased from room temperature (20 degrees C) to bathing temperature (40 degrees C). A direct relationship was found between the permeability of THMs, but not HKs and HAAs, and their octanol/water partition coefficients. The dermal dose from daily bathing activities was approximated for an average adult using U.S. EPA recommended methods and found to be 40-70% of the daily ingestion dose for the THMs, 10% of the ingestion dose for HKs, and an insignificant percentage of the ingestion dose for the HAAs. In addition to ingestion, dermal absorption is an important route of exposure to THMs and HKs ... .
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露等级:
    B
  • 职业暴露限值:
    TWA: 0.5 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin]
  • TSCA:
    Yes
  • 危险等级:
    6.1
  • 立即威胁生命和健康浓度:
    850 ppm
  • 危险品标志:
    T
  • 安全说明:
    S16,S28,S28A,S36/37,S45,S61,S7
  • 危险类别码:
    R22,R51/53,R36/38,R23
  • WGK Germany:
    3
  • 海关编码:
    2903399020
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 2515 6.1/PG 3
  • 危险类别:
    6.1
  • RTECS号:
    PB5600000
  • 包装等级:
    III
  • 储存条件:
    储存注意事项: - 储存于阴凉、通风的库房。 - 远离火种、热源,库温不超过32℃,相对湿度不超过80%。 - 保持容器密封。 - 应与氧化剂、活性金属粉末、食用化学品分开存放,切忌混储。 - 储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。

SDS

SDS:7952d0901bd1a70c3021319ca74fcd09
查看
国标编号: 61562
CAS: 75-25-2
中文名称: 三溴甲烷
英文名称: tribromomethane;bromoform
别 名: 溴仿
分子式: CHBr 3
分子量: 252.77
熔 点: 6~7℃
密 度: 相对密度(水=1)2.89
蒸汽压:
溶解性: 微溶于水,溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、苯
稳定性: 稳定
外观与性状: 无色重质液体,有似氯仿味
危险标记: 14(有毒品)
用 途: 用作溶剂和有机合成中间体

2、对环境的影响:

遇碱分解,但在水体中则是高度持久性的化合物,不会被生物降解。特别中饮用水中会长期停留,从而造成危害。

一、健康危害

侵入途径:吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 健康危害:本品有麻醉和刺激作用,对肝脏有一定损害。轻度中毒有流泪、咽痒、头晕、头痛、无力。严重者有恶心、呕吐、昏迷、抽搐等。可致死。

二、毒理学资料及环境行为

毒性:三溴甲烷的毒性与二氯甲烷相类似,但毒性强度比二氯甲烷大。它能通过呼吸道、经口对人体严重毒害,也能经粘膜、眼睛甚至皮肤对人体严重毒害作用。亚急性和慢性毒性:大鼠吸入0.25mg/L,4小时/天,2个月,肝肾功能异常。 致突变性:微生物致突变:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌50ul/皿。

污染来源:三溴甲烷用作有机合成的中间体和药物制造。用溴甲烷作为消毒剂、镇痛剂、致冷剂、防火化学品的企业。以上工厂及企业在生产和使用三溴甲烷及贮运过程中的意外事故均会对环境造成危害。 代谢与降解:Lucas曾经在兔子试验中证实,通过直肠或吸入方式给予三溴甲烷后,部分在肝脏中被分解成代谢物,而后在兔子的组织内和排出的尿液内检出了无机溴化物。用三溴甲烷进行直肠麻醉后,可以从尿液中回收溴化钠-.3%-1.2%。环境中的三溴甲烷遇碱分解,但在环境水体中则是高度持久性的化合物,不会被生物降解。 危险特性:不燃。受高热分解产生有毒的溴化物气体。与锂、钾钠合金接触剧烈反应。 燃烧(分解)产物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳、溴化氢。

3、现场应急监测方法:

快速检测管法;便携式气相色谱法《突发性环境污染事故应急监测与处理处置技术》万本太主编

4、实验室监测方法:
监测方法 来源 类别
顶空气相色谱法 GB/T17130-1997 水质
吹扫捕集-气相色谱法 中国环境监测总站 水质
气相色谱法 《固体废弃物试验与分析评价手册》中国环境监测总站等译 固体废弃物
色谱/质谱法 美国EPA525方法 水质
5、环境标准:
前苏联 车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 5mg/m 3
前苏联 环境空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 0.05mg/m 3 (日均值 )
中国(GHZB1-1999) 地表水环境质量标准(I、II、III类水域) 0.04mg/L

6、应急处理处置方法:

一、泄漏应急处理

迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并进行隔离,严格限制出入。切断火源。对于甲于三溴甲烷引起的土壤和水体的污染事故处置技术可参照三氯甲烷进行。⑴对于发生在地面上的污染事故及处置技术主要有:①迅速用土、沙子或其它可以取到的材料筑成坝以阻止液体的流动,特别要防止其流入附近的水体中,用土壤将其覆盖并将其吸收。也可以在其流动的下方向挖一坑,将其收集在坑内以防四处扩散,然后将液体收集到合适的容器中。②在处理过程中不要用铁器(如铁勺、铁容器、铁铲等),应改用其它工具,因为铁有助于三溴甲烷分解生成毒性更大的光气。有条件的话,操作人员在处理过程中应戴上防毒面具,或其它防护设备。③将受污染的土壤清除剥离后集中进行处理。操作应避免在光照条件下进行。⑵当三溴甲烷液体进入水体后,应设法阻断受污染水域与其它水域的通道,其方法为筑坝使其停止流动;开沟使其流向另一水体(如排污渠)等等。由于三溴甲烷属挥发性卤代烃类,对受其污染的水体最为简便易行处理方法是使用曝气(包括深进曝气)法,使其迅速从水体中逸散到大气中。另外,处理土壤的几种方法也可酌情使用。

二、防护措施

呼吸系统防护:空气中浓度超标时,应选择佩带自吸过滤式防毒面具(半面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时,佩戴氧气呼吸器。 眼睛防护:一般不需要特殊防护,高浓度接触时可戴安全防护眼镜。 身体防护:穿透气型防毒服。 手防护:戴防化学品手套。 其它:工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕,沐浴更衣。单独存放被毒物污染的衣服。洗后备用。

三、急救措施

皮肤接触:脱去被污染的衣着,用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。 眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗,就医。 吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。 食入:饮足量温水,催吐,就医。

灭火方法:消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服。灭火剂:泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。


制备方法与用途

健康危害

三溴甲烷是一种呼吸系统刺激物、麻醉剂以及肝脏毒物,可通过呼吸道、口腔或经由黏膜、眼睛甚至皮肤对人体造成严重伤害。短期过度暴露可导致眼、鼻、喉炎症;误吞可能引发头痛、头晕、口齿不清、意识模糊甚至死亡。长期接触则可能导致肝脏损伤、膀胱癌、结肠癌以及不良妊娠和发育。

化学性质

三溴甲烷为无色重质液体,能与醇、苯、氯仿、醚、石油醚、丙酮及不挥发和易挥发的油类相互溶解,并可与多种有机溶剂形成共沸物。它在水中溶解度较低,熔点为7.7℃,沸点149.5℃,黏度(15℃)2.152mPa·s,相对密度2.8912(20/4℃),折光率1.6005(15℃)。这种物质不易燃易爆,具有轻微的氯仿气味和甜味。长期储存会逐渐分解成黄色液体,空气及光照可加速其分解过程,通常需添加4%乙醇作为稳定剂。

用途

三溴甲烷可用作染料中间体、消毒剂、镇痛剂、麻醉剂、制冷剂、选矿剂、沉淀剂、溶剂和抗爆液组分等。此外,它还可用于测定分子量的溶剂,测定矿物的折射指数,并按比重分离各种矿石。在工业上可用于染料中间体、医药镇痛剂、空气熏蒸消毒剂、制冷剂、抗爆剂组分、树脂和石蜡的溶剂等。

生产方法

三溴甲烷由丙酮与次溴酸钠反应制得。具体步骤为:先用溴素与碱液配制次溴酸钠,然后在碱性条件下将丙酮迅速加入-5℃至0℃的次溴酸钠中,保持温度在30-50℃左右,待温度下降后继续搅拌10分钟。随后,通过三溴甲酮分解生成溴仿,并进行静置分层、蒸馏、洗涤、过滤和干燥得到成品。

安全分类 类别

有毒物质

毒性分级

中毒

急性毒性

大鼠口服LD50: 933毫克/公斤;小鼠口服LD50: 1072毫克/公斤

爆炸物危险特性

与冠醚或KOH反应爆炸

可燃性危险特性

不燃,高温分解时释放有毒溴化物烟雾

储运特性

库房需通风低温干燥;应与食品添加剂分开存放

灭火剂

雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、砂土

职业标准

时间加权平均浓度(TWA)5毫克/立方米,短时暴露极限值(STEL)15毫克/立方米

上下游信息

  • 上游原料
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量
  • 下游产品
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    三溴甲烷甲醇sodium 作用下, 反应 4.0h, 以100%的产率得到原甲酸三甲酯
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Electrocchemicai oxidatiob of ketones in methanol in the presence of alkali metal bromides
    摘要:
    Electrochemical oxidation of methyl ketones in methanol in the presence of alkali metal bromides affords methyl carboxylates. Benzyl alkyl ketones are transformed under similar conditions into methyl 3-phenylalkanoates, while ketones lacking alpha-benzyl or alpha-methyl group are oxidized into alpha-hydroxyketals.
    DOI:
    10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87078-2
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    苹果酸 作用下, 生成 三溴甲烷
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Cahours, Annales de Chimie (Cachan, France), 1847, vol. <3>19, p. 506
    摘要:
    DOI:
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    四氢呋喃2-苯基-2-丙醇 、 (4R,5R)-(-)-2,2-dimethyl-α,α,α,α-tetra(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanolatotitanium(IV) dichloride 、 三溴甲烷 作用下, 反应 16.25h, 以97%的产率得到(±)-2-[(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)oxy]tetrahydrofuran
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Cp2TiCl 催化的 2-O-THF 和 2-O-THP 醚对醇的意外温和保护揭示了溶剂在单电子转移反应中的有趣作用
    摘要:
    已经开发了一种在室温下将伯醇、仲醇和叔醇转化为相应的 THF 醚以及将伯醇和仲醇转化为相应的 THP 醚的方法,该方法使用由催化量的二氯化钛或( 4R,5R)-(–)-2,2-二甲基-α,α,α',α'-tetra(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanolatotitanium(IV) 二氯化物:乙腈加合物与作为还原剂的锰(0)和作为溶剂的 THF 或 THP 中的溴仿一起使用。针对这种转变提出了一种自由基机制,揭示了溶剂在低价 TiIII 体系催化的单电子转移反应中的有趣作用。
    DOI:
    10.1002/ejoc.201500869
点击查看最新优质反应信息

文献信息

  • Highly Regio- and Enantioselective Alkoxycarbonylative Amination of Terminal Allenes Catalyzed by a Spiroketal-Based Diphosphine/Pd(II) Complex
    作者:Jiawang Liu、Zhaobin Han、Xiaoming Wang、Zheng Wang、Kuiling Ding
    DOI:10.1021/jacs.5b07764
    日期:2015.12.16
    An enantioselective alkoxycarbonylation-amination cascade process of terminal allenes with CO, methanol, and arylamines has been developed. It proceeds under mild conditions (room temperature, ambient pressure CO) via oxidative Pd(II) catalysis using an aromatic spiroketal-based diphosphine (SKP) as a chiral ligand and a Cu(II) salt as an oxidant and affords a wide range of α-methylene-β-arylamino
    已经开发了末端丙二烯与 CO、甲醇和芳胺的对映选择性烷氧基羰基化-胺化级联过程。它在温和的条件下(室温,环境压力 CO)通过氧化钯(II)催化,使用芳族螺缩酮基二膦(SKP)作为手性配体和铜(II)盐作为氧化剂,并提供广泛的α-亚甲基-β-芳基氨基酸酯(36 个实例),收率良好,具有出色的对映选择性(高达 96% ee)和高区域选择性(支链/线性 > 92:8)。初步的机理研究表明,该反应可能通过丙二烯的烷氧基羰基钯化和胺化过程进行。该协议的合成效用体现在环庚烯融合手性 β-内酰胺的不对称结构中。
  • Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylative Coupling of Arylallenes, Arylboronic Acids, and Nitroarenes
    作者:Hui-Qing Geng、Jin-Bao Peng、Xiao-Feng Wu
    DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02925
    日期:2019.10.18
    In this Letter, a palladium-catalyzed multicomponent procedure for the selective synthesis of α-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed. With readily available allenes, arylboronic acids, and nitroarenes as the substrates, the reaction proceeds selectively to the desired α-substituted enones. Notably, no manipulation of carbon monoxide gas is needed here, and Mo(CO)6 has been applied
    在这封信中,开发了钯催化的多组分方法,用于选择性合成α-取代的α,β-不饱和酮。以容易获得的丙二烯,芳基硼酸和硝基芳烃作为底物,反应选择性地进行,得到所需的α-取代的烯酮。值得注意的是,这里不需要一氧化碳气体的处理,而将Mo(CO)6用作稳定的固态CO源。另外,作为氧化偶联反应,将硝基芳烃用作胺源和氧化剂两者以再生活性钯物质。
  • Diboration of 3-substituted propargylic alcohols using a bimetallic catalyst system: access to (<i>Z</i>)-allyl, vinyldiboronates
    作者:Cheryl L. Peck、Jan Nekvinda、Webster L. Santos
    DOI:10.1039/d0cc03563g
    日期:——

    A Pd/Cu catalyst system facilitates the diboration of unactivated propargylic alcohols with pentafluoroboronic acid and diboron to generate (Z)-allyl, vinyldiboronates.

    一种Pd/Cu催化剂体系促进了未活化的丙炔醇与五氟硼酸和二硼烷的二硼化反应,生成(Z)-烯丙基、烯基二硼酸酯。
  • Macrolide Synthesis through Intramolecular Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alkenes
    作者:Bing Jiang、Meng Zhao、Shu-Sen Li、Yun-He Xu、Teck-Peng Loh
    DOI:10.1002/anie.201710601
    日期:2018.1.8
    A RhIII‐catalyzed intramolecular oxidative cross‐coupling between double bonds for the synthesis of macrolides is described. Under the optimized reaction conditions, macrocycles containing a diene moiety can be formed in reasonable yields and with excellent chemo‐ and stereoselectivity. This method provides an efficient approach to synthesize macrocyclic compounds containing a 1,3‐conjugated diene
    描述了用于大环内酯合成的双键之间的Rh III催化的分子内氧化交叉偶联。在优化的反应条件下,可以以合理的收率形成具有二烯部分的大环,并具有出色的化学和立体选择性。该方法为合成包含1,3-共轭二烯结构的大环化合物提供了一种有效的方法。
  • Copper-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Allenes with Sulfonyl Iodides Leading to (<i>E</i>)-α-Iodomethyl Vinylsulfones
    作者:Ning Lu、Zhiguo Zhang、Nana Ma、Conghui Wu、Guisheng Zhang、Qingfeng Liu、Tongxin Liu
    DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01765
    日期:2018.7.20
    A highly regioselective iodosulfonylation of allenes in the presence of CuI and 1,10-phenanthroline has been developed for the synthesis of various useful (E)-α-iodomethyl vinylsulfones in moderate to excellent yields. This practical reaction is fast, operationally simple, and in particular, proceeds under very mild conditions to afford the target products with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The
    已经开发了在CuI和1,10-菲咯啉存在下,丙二烯的高度区域选择性的碘磺酰化,用于以中等至优异的产率合成各种有用的(E)-α-碘甲基乙烯基砜。该实际反应快速,操作简单,并且特别是在非常温和的条件下进行,以提供具有高区域选择性和立体选择性的目标产物。通过概念性DFT分析说明了选择性。
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表征谱图

  • 氢谱
    1HNMR
  • 质谱
    MS
  • 碳谱
    13CNMR
  • 红外
    IR
  • 拉曼
    Raman
hnmr
mass
cnmr
ir
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  • 峰位数据
  • 峰位匹配
  • 表征信息
Shift(ppm)
Intensity
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Assign
Shift(ppm)
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测试频率
样品用量
溶剂
溶剂用量
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