Pyridine appears as a clear colorless to light yellow liquid with a penetrating nauseating odor. Density 0.978 g / cm3. Flash point 68°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen.
8 ANIMAL SPECIES N-METHYLATED PYRIDINE WHICH WAS EXTENSIVE (20-40% DOSE) IN CAT, GUINEA PIG, GERBIL, RABBIT, & HAMSTER, BUT LOW (5-12% DOSE) IN RAT, MOUSE, & 2 HUMAN VOLUNTEERS. PATTERN OF N-METHYLATION SIMILAR FROM ORAL & IP ROUTES IN RATS & GUINEA PIGS & WAS DOSE-DEPENDENT.
PART IS EXCRETED IN URINE ... IN FORM OF ITS CHIEF METABOLITE, N-METHYLPYRIDINIUM HYDROXIDE. PYRIDINE IS EXAMPLE OF METHYLATION PROCESS OF METABOLISM ... CONFINED TO SOME HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS ... THIS OCCURS, WITH PYRIDINE, ONLY IN SOME ANIMALS ... MICE, BUT NOT IN RATS ... IN RABBITS ONLY TRACES OF 3-HYDROXY PYRIDINE ARE EXCRETED.
An organism capable of growth on pyridine was isolated from soil by enrichment culture techniques and identified as Micrococcus luteus. The organism oxidized pyridine for energy and released nitrogen contained in the pyridine ring as ammonium. Cell extracts of M luteus could not degrade pyridine, 2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxypyridines or 2,3-dihydroxypyridine, regardless of added cofactors or cell particulate fraction. The organism had a NAD-linked succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase which was induced by pyridine. Cell extracts of M luteus had constitutive amidase activity, and washed cells degraded formate and formamide without a lag. ... The results provide new evidence that the metabolism of pyridine by microorganisms does not require initial hydroxylation of the ring and that permeability barriers do not account for the extremely limited range of substrate isomers used by pyridine degraders.
The oxidative metabolism of pyridine was studied in vitro. Normal human liver, lung, and kidney tissue /were/ obtained from ten persons ... and liver tissue from male Fischer 344 rats. ... The primary metabolites identified were 2-pyridone, 4-pyridone, and pyridine-N-oxide (PNO). Human liver and kidney microsomes formed these metabolites at rates of 154 to 275 pmol/min/mg. Liver microsomes from one subject formed 3-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide at a rate of 133 pmol/min/mg. The formation of 4-pyridone was significantly greater in liver microsomes from the males than from the females. Human lung microsomes formed 2-pyridone, 4-pyridone, and pyridine-N-oxide at rates of 63 to 110 pmol/min/mg. The rates of formation of 2-pyridone, 4-pyridone, and pyridine-N-oxide by rat liver microsomes ranged from 17 to 61 pmol/min/mg. Incubation of human liver microsomes under the nitrogen and carbon monoxide atmosphere and in the presence of metyrapone reduced pyridine metabolism by 54, 34, and 20%, respectively. SKF-525A, allopurinol, and n-octylamine did not signifiantly affect pyridine metabolism. Human and rat liver cytosol did not metabolize pyridine. /Results suggest/ that human liver, kidney, and lung microsomes and rat liver microsomes can metabolize pyridine under aerobic conditions in the presence of a NADPH generating system. The cytochrome p450 monooxygenase system appears to be responsible for the metabolism of pyridine by human liver microsomes.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3:已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
Pyridine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, through the skin, and by inhalation. Part of the absorbed pyridine is excreted in the urine unchanged and a smaller portion is methylated at the N position.
Uptake by tissues /in rats/ following ip admin of pyridine increased with dosage. Elimination occurred in 2 phases and the duration of these phases was also dose dependent.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
IP ADMIN TO MICE, HAMSTERS, RATS, GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS, & FERRETS RESULTED IN URINARY EXCRETION OF PYRIDINE N-OXIDE WHICH RANGED FROM 10% IN RATS TO APPROX 40% IN MICE & GUINEA PIGS.
对小鼠、仓鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、兔子和雪貂进行IP(腹腔注射)给药,导致尿液中排出吡啶N-氧化物,在大鼠中的排出率约为10%,而在小鼠和豚鼠中的排出率大约为40%。
IP ADMIN TO MICE, HAMSTERS, RATS, GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS, & FERRETS RESULTED IN URINARY EXCRETION OF PYRIDINE N-OXIDE WHICH RANGED FROM 10% IN RATS TO APPROX 40% IN MICE & GUINEA PIGS.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.
Synthesis of Mixed α/β<sup>2,2</sup>-Peptides by Site-Selective Ring-Opening of Cyclic Quaternary Sulfamidates
作者:Nuria Mazo、Iván García-González、Claudio D. Navo、Francisco Corzana、Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés、Alberto Avenoza、Jesús H. Busto、Jesús M. Peregrina
DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02927
日期:2015.12.4
derived from 2-methylisoserine, has been generalized. The unique electrophilic nature of this scaffold for nucleophilicsubstitution at a quaternary center with total inversion of its configuration, which was demonstrated computationally, allows for site-selective conjugation with various nucleophiles, such as anomeric thiocarbohydrates and pyridines. This strategy provides rapid access to complex thio
Copper-Catalyzed Amino Lactonization and Amino Oxygenation of Alkenes Using <i>O</i>-Benzoylhydroxylamines
作者:Brett N. Hemric、Kun Shen、Qiu Wang
DOI:10.1021/jacs.6b02840
日期:2016.5.11
A copper-catalyzed amino lactonization of unsaturated carboxylic acids has been achieved as well as the analogous intermolecular three-component amino oxygenation of olefins. The transformation features mild conditions and a remarkably broad substrate scope, offering a novel and efficient approach to construct a wide range of amino lactones as well as 1,2-amino alcohol derivatives. Mechanistic studies
[EN] INDOLESULFONYL PROTECTING GROUPS FOR PROTECTION OF GUANIDINO AND AMINO GROUPS<br/>[FR] GROUPES PROTECTEURS À BASE D'INDOLE SULFONYLE POUR LA PROTECTION DE GROUPES GUANIDINE ET AMINO
申请人:LONZA AG
公开号:WO2009135645A1
公开(公告)日:2009-11-12
The invention relates to indolesulfonyl halogenides which are useful for the protection of organic compounds comprising at least one guanidino moiety and/or at least one amino group. The invention further relates to a process for their preparation and their use as protecting reagents. The invention also relates to the process for the protecting reaction and to the protected compounds thereof.
Darstellung einiger substituierter Triphthaloyl-benzole als Ausgangsmaterialien für grüne Küpenfarbstoffe
作者:H. E. Fierz-David、L. Blangey、W. Von Krannichfeldt
DOI:10.1002/hlca.19470300317
日期:1947.4.30
Durch Kondensation entsprechend substituierter 1,4-Naphtho-chinone mittels Pyridin wurden das α-Trichlor-, α, α′-Hexachlor-, α- und β-Triacetamino- sowie das β-Trimethoxy-triphthaloyl-benzol neu hergestellt.