Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as symmetric dimethylarginine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
A Facile Route to Cyclic and Acyclic Alkyl-Arginines
摘要:
Treatment of commercially available alkyl and cycloalkyl thioureas with methyl iodide provides the corresponding S-alkylisothiouronium iodide which reacts directly with ornithine to yield the title compounds.
Binding Methylarginines and Methyllysines as Free Amino Acids: A Comparative Study of Multiple Host Classes**
作者:Zoey Warmerdam、Bianca E. Kamba、My‐Hue Le、Thomas Schrader、Lyle Isaacs、Peter Bayer、Fraser Hof
DOI:10.1002/cbic.202100502
日期:2022.1.19
Comparativebindingstudies for three different hostclasses (calixarenes, acyclic cucurbiturils and other cleft-like hosts) are presented. Each was studied with multiple methylated arginines and lysines to determine fundamental structure-function relationships. Molecular modelling was used to gain insight on the preferences of the different hosts.
The present invention relates to a method and reagents for determining the presence of or the amount of an analyte in a sample.
本发明涉及一种用于确定样品中分析物存在或数量的方法和试剂。
Methods of treating alzheimer's disease
申请人:Nieman A. James
公开号:US20060079533A1
公开(公告)日:2006-04-13
Disclosed are methods for treating Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases, and/or inhibiting beta-secretase enzyme, and/or inhibiting deposition of A beta peptide in a mammal, by use of 3,4-disubstituted piperidinyl compounds of formula (I) wherein the variables R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, Q, W, X, Z, m, and n are defined herein.
Process for preparing 5-bromo-3-[(R)-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indole
申请人:Bednar Roman
公开号:US20080319205A1
公开(公告)日:2008-12-25
The invention encompasses a process for preparing 5-bromo-3-[(R)-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indole comprising reacting (R)-2-(5-bromo-1H-indole-3-carbonyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of sodium dihydro-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminate, lithium tris[(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride and diisobutylaluminium hydride. 5-bromo-3-[(R)-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indole is a key intermediate for preparing eletriptan and its salts thereof.
Piperidine derivatives having renin inhibiting activity
申请人:Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
公开号:US06051712A1
公开(公告)日:2000-04-18
Novel piperidine derivatives, their manufacture and use as medicaments, are disclosed. The invention is concerned with the novel piperidine derivatives of general formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Q, X, Z, m and n are as described herein.