Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as asymmetric dimethylarginine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
Compositions and methods for coating medical devices
申请人:Goldstein Steven
公开号:US20060035854A1
公开(公告)日:2006-02-16
The present invention provides compositions and methods for coating medical devices with pharmaceutical agents and devices coated with the compositions. The coated devices provide controlled or sustained release of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of wounds or disease.
Tamandarin analogs and fragments thereof and methods of making and using
申请人:Joullie M. Madeleine
公开号:US20070149446A1
公开(公告)日:2007-06-28
The present invention is directed to a compound of Formula I wherein R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
, W, X, Y, and Z are defined herein. The compounds of the present invention are useful as anticancer agents. Specifically, the compounds are useful for treating or preventing cancer and tumor growth. The present invention is also directed to compositions comprising a compound according to the above formula. The present invention is also directed to methods of using a compound according to the above formula.
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SOLUBILIZING, SEPARATING, REMOVING AND REACTING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS IN OILS, FATS, AQUEOUS OR ORGANIC SOLUTIONS BY MEANS OF MICRO-OR NANOEMULSIFICATION
申请人:Dietz Ulrich
公开号:US20130090488A1
公开(公告)日:2013-04-11
The present invention is directed to solubilizing compounds, a device and a method for solubilizing and removing carboxylic acids and especially fatty acids from oils, fats, aqueous emulsion, aqueous media and organic solutions. Devices utilizing the inventive method shall be used for separating carboxylic acids from oils, fats, aqueous emulsion, lipophilic media or organic solutions, respectively by preparing an aqueous micro- or nanoemulsion of the carboxylic acids especially the fatty acids and the solubilizing compound which contains at least one amidino and/or gianidino group. Solubilization effects of solubilizing compounds combined with the inventive use of separation methods for carboxylic acids can be used to treat persons in need of removal of fatty acids or analyze carboxylic acids from blood or process other solutions in food, pharmacy, chemistry, bio fuel industry or other industrial processings.
Molecular recognition of methylated amino acids and peptides by Pillar[6]MaxQ
作者:David King、Chelsea R. Wilson、Lukas Herron、Chun-Lin Deng、Shams Mehdi、Pratyush Tiwary、Fraser Hof、Lyle Isaacs
DOI:10.1039/d2ob01487d
日期:——
recognition properties of Pillar[n]MaxQ (P[n]MQ) toward a series of (methylated) amino acids, amino acid amides, and post-translationally modified peptides by a combination of 1H NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry, indicator displacement assays, and molecular dynamics simulations. We find that P6MQ is a potent receptor for N-methylated amino acid side chains. P6MQ recognized the H3K4Me3 peptide with
我们通过结合1 H NMR、等温滴定量热法,报告了 Pillar[ n ]MaxQ (P[ n ]MQ) 对一系列(甲基化)氨基酸、氨基酸酰胺和翻译后修饰肽的分子识别特性、指示剂位移测定和分子动力学模拟。我们发现 P6MQ 是N-甲基化氨基酸侧链的有效受体。 P6MQ 在磷酸盐缓冲盐水中识别K d = 16 nM 的 H3K4Me 3肽。
Method for normalization in metabolomics analysis methods with endogenous reference metabolites
申请人:BIOCRATES Life Sciences AG
公开号:EP2270699A1
公开(公告)日:2011-01-05
The present invention relates to the use of endogenous reference metabolites and a method for normalization of intensity data corresponding to amounts and/or concentrations of selected target metabolites in a biological sample of a mammalian subject, wherein said intensity data are obtained by a metabolomics analysis method with one or a plurality of endogenous reference metabolites, comprising carrying out at least one in vitro metabolomics analysis method of said selected target metabolites in said biological sample, simultaneously carrying out in the same sample a quantitative analysis of one or a plurality of endogenous reference metabolites or derivatives thereof, wherein said endogenous reference metabolites are such compounds in the biological sample which are present in the subject at an essentially constant level; and wherein said endogenous reference metabolites or derivatives thereof have a molecular mass less than 1500 Da.