木二糖 | 6860-47-5

• 物质功能分类: 生物化工 - 糖类化合物 - 寡糖
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 中文名称: 木二糖
• 中文别名: 4-O-β-D-木糖葡萄糖基-D-木糖
• 英文名称: 4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-D-xylose
• 英文别名: D-xylobiose；xylobiose；D-Xylose, 4-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-；(2R,3R,4R)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxypentanal
• CAS: 6860-47-5
• 化学式: C₁₀H₁₈O₉
• 分子量: 282.248
• InChiKey: SQNRKWHRVIAKLP-RSZZQXBVSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  186-187 °C
• 沸点：
  604.0±55.0 °C(Predicted)
• 密度：
  1.61±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
• 溶解度：
  可微溶于水

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.3
• 重原子数：
  19
• 可旋转键数：
  6
• 环数：
  1.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.9
• 拓扑面积：
  157
• 氢给体数：
  6
• 氢受体数：
  9

安全信息

• 安全说明：
  S24/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  29400090

制备方法与用途

这段文本主要介绍了木二糖（Xylobiose, 1,4-β-D-Xylobiose）的相关信息，包括其定义、功能、提纯方法及应用。以下是主要内容的总结：

定义和功能

• 定义：木二糖是一种由两个木糖分子通过1,4键连接而成的二糖。
• 功能：
  • 整肠
  • 控制体重
  • 抗龋齿
  • 瘦腹

提纯方法

• 色谱柱分离法：从低聚木糖糖浆中提取并分离木二糖。
• 微生物发酵法：利用酵母菌在特定条件下发酵生产木二糖，或者固定化酶法进行水解生产。
• 化学方法：通过乙酸乙酯除杂和不同浓度的乙醇溶液进行分离纯化。

应用

• 食品领域：
  • 用于啤酒酿造，提高啤酒品质。
  • 在焙烤面包中增加体积、保水性及面团特性。
• 农业生产：
  • 提高仔猪体重并降低腹泻率。
  • 增加蛋鸡产蛋量和改善鸡蛋质量。
  • 促进植物生长与发育（例如豆科植物根系）。

科学背景

• Xylobiose可被特定酶水解，如Selenomonas ruminantium (SXA)产生的β-D-木糖苷酶/α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶。

总体而言，这段文字提供了关于木二糖的基本信息及其潜在的应用和提纯方法。尽管目前直接应用木二糖作为单一功能性物质尚存在挑战，但其在食品、农业生产等多个领域的潜力值得进一步探索与开发。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  木二糖 在 maize β-xylosidase 作用下， 反应 6.0h， 生成 D-木糖
  参考文献：
  名称：

  A β-xylosidase from cell wall of maize: Purification, properties and its use in hydrolysis of plant cell wall

  摘要：

  To study the potential of plant glycoside hydrolase for hemicelluloses hydrolysis, a beta-xylosidase with molecular weight of 68.5 kDa was purified from the maize during senescent stage. The optimal conditions for the beta-xylosidase were 37 degrees C and pH 4.5. In absence of substrate, the beta-xylosidase was comparatively stable at 37 degrees C and pH 4.5-5.5. At the optimum condition, the K-m and k(cat) values of the beta-xylosidase against p-nitrophenyl-xyloside were 2.5 mM and 6.5 s(-1), respectively. The enzyme activity was promoted by LiCl, CaCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2, KCl. and NaCl, however severely inhibited by CuCl2, ZnCl2, AgNO3, HgCl2, and NiCl2. The purified beta-xylosidase was active against xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, and xylopentaose. In hydrolysis of corn stover hemicellulose, the xylose production increased by 94.9% and 140% when Trichoderma reesei hemicellulase supplemented with purified beta-xylosidase and crude cell wall proteins of corn stover, respectively. The biochemical characterization of the maize beta-xylosidase makes it a promising candidate enzyme additive for hemicelluloses hydrolysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

  DOI：

  10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.004
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  xylohexaose 在 polyethylenimine-coated Selenomonas ruminantium β-xylosidase immobilized on glyoxyl agarose 、 水 作用下， 以 aq. acetate buffer 为溶剂， 反应 4.0h， 生成 木二糖
  参考文献：
  名称：

  β-xylosidase from Selenomonas ruminantium: Immobilization, stabilization, and application for xylooligosaccharide hydrolysis

  摘要：

  The tetrameric -xylosidase from Selenomonas ruminantium is very stable in alkaline pH allowing it to easily immobilize by multipoint covalent attachments on highly activated glyoxyl agarose gels. Initial immobilization resulted only in slight stabilization in relation to the free enzyme, since involvement of all subunits was not achieved. Coating the catalyst with aldehyde-dextran or polyethylenimine, fully stabilized the quaternary structure of the enzyme rendering much more stabilization to the biocatalyst. The catalyst coated with polyethylenimine of molecular weight 1300 is the most stable one exhibiting an interesting half-life of more than 10 days at pH 5.0 and 50 degrees C, being, therefore, 240-fold more stable than free enzyme. Optimum activity was observed in the pH range 4.0-6.0 and at 55 degrees C. The catalyst retained its side activity against p-nitrophenyl -l-arabinofuranoside and it was inhibited by xylose and glucose. Kinetic parameters with p-nitrophenyl -d-xylopyranoside as substrate were V-max 0.20mol.min(-1)mgprot.(-1), K-m 0.45mM, K-cat 0.82s(-1), and K-cat/K-m 1.82s(-1)mM(-1). Xylose release was observed from the hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharides with a decrease in the rate of xylose release by increasing substrate chain-length. Due to the high thermostability and the complete stability after five reuse cycles, the applicability of this biocatalyst in biotechnological processes, such as for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass, is highly increased.

  DOI：

  10.1080/10242422.2016.1247817

文献信息

• CARBOHYDRATE CONJUGATES AS DELIVERY AGENTS FOR OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
  申请人：Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

  公开号：US20160051691A1

  公开（公告）日：2016-02-25

  The present invention provides iRNA agents comprising at least one subunit of the formula (I): wherein: A and B are each independently for each occurrence O, N(R N ) or S; X and Y are each independently for each occurrence H, OH, a hydroxyl protecting group, a phosphate group, a phosphodiester group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, a phosphoramidite, a solid support, —P(Z′)(Z″)O-nucleoside, —P(Z′)(Z″)O-oligonucleotide, a lipid, a PEG, a steroid, a lipophile, a polymer, —P(Z′)(Z″)O-Linker-OP(Z′″)(Z″″)O-oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, —P(Z′)(Z″)-formula(I), —P(Z′)(Z″)— or -Linker-R; R is L G , -Linker-L G , or has the structure shown below: L G is independently for each occurrence a carbohydrate, e.g., monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide; R N is independently for each occurrence H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, or benzyl; and Z′, Z″, Z′″ and Z″″ are each independently for each occurrence O or S.

  本发明提供了包含至少一个式(I)的亚单位的iRNA试剂： 其中： A和B分别独立于每次出现O、N(RN)或S； X和Y分别独立于每次出现H、OH、一个羟基保护基团、一个磷酸基团、一个磷酸二酯基团、一个活化磷酸基团、一个活化亚磷酸基团、一个磷酰胺基团、一个固相支持、-P(Z')(Z″)O-核苷、-P(Z')(Z″)O-寡核苷酸、一个脂质、一个PEG、一个类固醇、一个亲脂物质、一个聚合物、-P(Z')(Z″)O-连接子-OP(Z′″)(Z″″)O-寡核苷酸、一个核苷酸、一个寡核苷酸、-P(Z')(Z″)-式(I)、-P(Z')(Z″)-或-连接子-R； R是LG、-连接子-LG，或具有下面所示结构： LG独立于每次出现的是一种碳水化合物，例如，单糖、双糖、三糖、四糖、寡糖、多糖； RN独立于每次出现的是H、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或苄基； Z'、Z″、Z′″和Z″″分别独立于每次出现的是O或S。
• High-Purity Xylooligosaccharide Compositions
  申请人：Fujikawa Shigeaki

  公开号：US20090062232A1

  公开（公告）日：2009-03-05

  To provide a high-purity xylooligosaccharide composition while preventing the formation of UV-absorbing substances and coloring matters. A high-pure xylooligosaccharide composition containing reduced UV-absorbing substances and reduced coloring matters and a method of producing the same which comprises alkali-treating or pressure- and heat-treating a plant material such as wood, corn cob, cotton seed hull, bagasse or rice straw, further enzymatically treating the same, and purifying the crude saccharide solution containing the residues thus obtained, wherein the solution is concentrated and then optionally subjected to desalting and active carbon-treatment. According to the method of the invention, the saccharified solution is concentrated followed by the desalting and active-carbon treating so that a high-purity xylooligosaccharide composition can be produced while preventing the formation of UV-absorbing substances and coloring matters.

  提供一个高纯度的木寡糖组成，同时防止形成紫外吸收物质和色素。一种含有减少的紫外吸收物质和减少的色素的高纯度木寡糖组成，以及一种生产该组成物的方法，该方法包括对木材、玉米芯、棉籽壳、蔗渣或稻草等植物材料进行碱处理或压力和热处理，进一步对其进行酶处理，并纯化含有所得残留物的粗糖溶液，其中所述溶液被浓缩，然后可选地进行脱盐和活性炭处理。根据本发明的方法，将糖化溶液浓缩后进行脱盐和活性炭处理，从而可以在防止形成紫外吸收物质和色素的同时生产出高纯度的木寡糖组成。
• Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Xylose in Methanol-Rich Medium as Part of Biorefinery
  作者：Xun Hu、Caroline Lievens、Chun-Zhu Li

  DOI：10.1002/cssc.201100745

  日期：2012.8

  treatments of xylose have been performed in a methanol/water mixture to investigate the reaction pathways of xylose during bio‐oil esterification. Xylose was mainly converted into methyl xylosides with negligible humins formed below 130 °C. However, humins formation became significant with the dehydration of xylose to furfural and 2‐(dimethoxymethyl)furan (DOF) at elevated temperatures. The conversion of xylose

  木糖酸处理已在甲醇/水混合物中进行，以研究木糖在生物油酯化过程中的反应途径。木糖主要转化为甲基木糖化物，在低于130°C时形成的腐殖质可忽略不计。然而，在高温下，木糖脱水成糠醛和2-（二甲氧基甲基）呋喃（DOF）后，腐殖质的形成变得很重要。木糖转化为甲基木糖苷可以保护木糖的C1羟基，从而稳定木糖并抑制糖低聚物的形成和聚合反应。相比之下，糠醛向DOF的转化保护了糠醛的羰基。然而，由于反应平衡从DOF转移到糠醛，且停留时间延长，因此在高温下该保护作用并未显着抑制糠醛的聚合。此外，糠醛的酸处理在甲醇中产生了乙酰丙酸甲酯，在水中产生了乙酰丙酸，甲酸被甲酸催化。
• Structure of an l-arabino-d-xylan from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
  作者：D. Channe Gowda、Chitra Sarathy

  DOI：10.1016/0008-6215(87)80062-9

  日期：1987.9

  d -xylose in the molar ratio 1.6:1.0. Partial hydrolysis furnished oligosaccharides which were characterised as α- d -Xyl p -(1→3)- d -Ara, β- d Xyl p -(1→4)- d -Xyl, β- d -Xyl p -(1→4)-β- d -Xyl p -(1→4)- d -Xyl, β- d -Xyl p -(1→4)-β- d -Xyl p -(1→4)-β- d -Xyl p -Xyl p -(1→4)- d -Xyl, xylopentaose, and xylohexaose. Mild acid hydrolysis of the arabinoxylan gave a degraded polysaccharide consisting of

  摘要从桂皮中提取的阿拉伯木聚糖由1-阿拉伯糖和d-木糖组成，摩尔比为1.6：1.0。部分水解得到的寡糖的特征是α-d -Xyl p-（1→3）-d -Ara，β-d Xyl p-（1→4）-d -Xyl，β-d -Xyl p-（1 →4）-β-d -Xyl p-（1→4）-d -Xyl，β-d -Xyl p-（1→4）-β-d -Xyl p-（1→4）-β-d -Xyl p -Xyl p-（1→4）-d -Xyl，木基戊糖和木六糖。阿拉伯糖基木聚糖的轻度酸水解产生了由1-阿拉伯糖（8％）和d-木糖酶（92％）组成的降解的多糖。甲基化分析表明降解的多糖为线性（1→4）连接的d -xlan，其中一些吡喃吡喃糖基残基在O-2或O-3处被1-阿拉伯呋喃糖基取代。
• [EN] BINDING-SITE MODIFIED LECTINS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] LECTINES DE SITE DE LIAISON MODIFIÉES ET USAGE CORRESPONDANT
  申请人：SMARTCELLS INC

  公开号：WO2010088261A1

  公开（公告）日：2010-08-05

  In one aspect, the disclosure provides cross-linked materials that include multivalent lectins with at least two binding sites for glucose, wherein the lectins include at least one covalently linked affinity ligand which is capable of competing with glucose for binding with at least one of said binding sites; and conjugates that include two or more separate affinity ligands bound to a conjugate framework, wherein the two or more affinity ligands compete with glucose for binding with the lectins at said binding sites and wherein conjugates are cross-linked within the material as a result of non-covalent interactions between lectins and affinity ligands on different conjugates. These materials are designed to release amounts of conjugate in response to desired concentrations of glucose. Depending on the end application, in various embodiments, the conjugates may also include a drug and/or a detectable label.

  在一个方面，该公开提供了包括多价凝集素的交联材料，其中该多价凝集素具有至少两个葡萄糖结合位点，其中该凝集素包括至少一个与亲和配体共价连接的亲和配体，该亲和配体能够与至少一个所述结合位点中的葡萄糖竞争结合；以及包括绑定到共轭框架的两个或更多个独立亲和配体的共轭物，其中这两个或更多个亲和配体与葡萄糖在所述结合位点上与凝集素竞争结合，其中由于不同共轭物上的凝集素和亲和配体之间的非共价相互作用，共轭物在材料内交联。这些材料旨在根据所需葡萄糖浓度释放共轭物的量。根据最终应用，在各种实施例中，共轭物还可以包括药物和/或可检测标记。

表征谱图