Ethyl bromide appears as a colorless volatile liquid. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Flash point below 0°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic by inhalation. Irritates skin and eyes. Used to make pharmaceuticals and as a solvent.
Ethylmercapturic acid is also an ethyl bromide metabolite as shown by its appearance in the urine of rats administered 1.25 g/kg subcutaneous doses of ethyl bromide. This finding was supported by the presence of S-ethyl-cysteine in acid-treated urine.
Ethyl bromide is a substrate for glutathione S-transferase. Female Wistar rats given 1.16 millimoles of ethyl bromide in oil by gavage were sacrificed 2 hours later, and livers were assayed for glutathione; ethyl bromide-treated rats showed liver glutathione levels 52% that of controls.
The substrate specificity of ammonia monooxygenase in whole cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea have been determined for a number of aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons. The effect of the halogen substituent and carbon chain length on substrate reactivity was studied by measuring the rates of oxidation of monohalogenated ethanes (fluoroethane, chloroethane, bromoethane, and iodoethane) by whole cells of Nitrosomonas europaea. For monohalogenated ethanes, acetaldehyde was the major organic product and little or none of any of the alternate predicted products (2-halogenated alcohols) were detected.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ethyl bromide is a colorless liquid with a vapor heavier than air. Ethyl bromide is used as an ethylating agent in chemical synthesis. Ethyl bromide was formerly used as a narcotic agent for dental and medical surgery. HUMAN STUDIES: The main health concerns relating to the exposure of ethyl bromide are the potential for neurotoxicity, irritation of the respiratory tract, damage to genetic material, carcinogenicity, hematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Limited human experience during surgical anesthesia has indicated that, in addition to CNS depression, there is a possibility of lung congestion and degeneration of the liver and kidney tissues. Symptoms of exposure to ethyl bromide include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Other symptoms include CNS depression, lung irritation, acute congestion and edema, liver damage, and kidney damage. It can cause nausea, dizziness, headache, and nervous system disturbances. Central nervous system depression, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest may occur. Loss of balance, slurred speech, unconsciousness, and death can occur. Ingestion can cause burning of the digestive tract, vomiting, and moderate gastrointestinal upset. Skin rash may occur. It can affect motor control after repeated exposures. Heart damage has been reported. The course of ethyl bromide poisoning was described in three stages. The first stage lasted 2-4 days and involved a garlicky odor on the breath, sleepiness, fatigue, sharp pain and paresthesia of the lower legs, and staggering gate. During the second phase that lasted 2-5 days, the symptoms of the first phase grew more severe. The third phase was characterized by spastic paresthesia of the legs, disturbance of the peripheral nervous system, and atrophy of the lower leg. CNS disturbances can also occur at high ethyl bromide exposures. Prognosis for recovery is good for most patients. ANIMAL STUDIES: Immediate effects of ethyl bromide exposure in mice and rats included increased respiration, hyperactivity, incoordination, dyspnea, and coma. The liquid is apparently irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits and is reported to be absorbed through the skin. Exposure of rats and rabbits by inhalation at 538 ppm ethyl bromide for 4 hr/day for 6 months resulted in disruption of hepatic function as shown by a decrease in hepatic glycogen and fat levels as well as prolonged hexobarbital sleep. Hepatic cell granular dystrophy and decreased cytoplasmic RNA levels were also reported. Another study reported that exposure of rats, also at 538 ppm of ethyl bromide by inhalation resulted in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pituitary gland, hypertrophy of the cortex, and increased lipid content of the adrenal gland. Severe testicular atrophy was observed in rats, but not in mice, at 1600 ppm (7.14 g/cu m) ethyl bromide but not at lower concentrations. ln female mice, but not in rats, the size and number of corpora lutea in the ovary were decreased at 1600 ppm (7/10 animals) and at 800 ppm (3.57 g/cu m, 3/9 animals). Ethyl bromide was mutagenic to bacteria, but not to Drosophila melanogaster in a single study. In another single study, ethyl bromide increased the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges, but not of chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. In a two year carcinogenicity bioassay by inhalation, a dose related increase in uterine tumors was observed in female mice. A small increase in the incidence of gliomas was found in female rats exposed to the highest dose used.
Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves (trigeminal nerve) of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. Alkylation of DNA by alkylbromides may also lead to mutations.
Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of bromoethane were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bromoethane. Overall evaluation: Bromoethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3:已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:溴乙烷
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Bromoethane
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
吸收、分配和排泄
通过肺部的吸收和排泄是迅速的...。
Absorption and excretion through the lungs is rapid ... .
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
溴乙烷已被证明可以通过完整兔皮被吸收。在与皮肤接触20分钟后,在兔子的呼出气中检测到了溴乙烷。
Ethyl bromide has been shown to be absorbed through intact rabbit skin. Ethyl bromide was detected in the rabbits' exhaled air after 20 minutes of skin contact.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
溴乙烷对大鼠和小鼠进行腹腔注射后发现其能够迅速解毒,并且在重复给药后不会积聚。
Ethyl bromide administered intraperitoneally to rats and mice was found to be rapidly detoxified and did not accumulate upon repeated administration.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
未经改变的溴乙烷在大鼠经口服灌胃给药后,在大鼠呼出的气体中约占剂量的70%。
Unchanged bromoethane account for approximately 70% of the dose in the expired air of rats dosed orally by gavage.
[EN] IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS INHIBITORS OF FAAH<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS IMIDAZOLE UTILES COMME INHIBITEURS DE LA FAAH
申请人:MERCK & CO INC
公开号:WO2009152025A1
公开(公告)日:2009-12-17
The present invention is directed to certain imidazole derivatives which are useful as inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds as active ingredients and the use of the compounds and their formulations in the treatment of certain disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, skeletomuscular pain, and fibromyalgia, as well as acute pain, migraine, sleep disorder, Alzeimer Disease, and Parkinson's Disease.
[EN] CRBN LIGANDS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] LIGANDS CRBN ET LEURS UTILISATIONS
申请人:KYMERA THERAPEUTICS INC
公开号:WO2019140387A1
公开(公告)日:2019-07-18
The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the inhibition of CRBN, and the treatment of CRBN-mediated disorders.
本发明提供了化合物、其组合物以及使用这些化合物抑制CRBN并治疗CRBN介导的疾病的方法。
Towards the syntheses of<i>N</i>-H and<i>N</i>-alkylated derivatives of meridianins
Novel N-H and N-alkylatedderivatives of meridianins have been synthesized as potential antitumor agents by a two-step conversion of N-tosyl-3-acetylindoles or N-alkyl-3-acetylindoles to the corresponding enaminones using DMF-DMA, with or without added pyrrolidine. Further cyclization with guanidine gave the corresponding 2-aminopyrimidines. The structures of the compounds, thus obtained, were proved
通过使用DMF-DMA将N-甲苯磺酰基-3-乙酰基吲哚或N-烷基-3-乙酰基吲哚经两步转化为相应的烯胺酮,合成了经络胺的新型N- H和N-烷基化衍生物作为潜在的抗肿瘤药。或不添加吡咯烷。用胍进一步环化得到相应的2-氨基嘧啶。由此获得的化合物的结构通过1 H和13 C NMR光谱,NOE实验和X射线分析证明。
Aromatic amidine derivatives and salts thereof
申请人:Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
公开号:US05576343A1
公开(公告)日:1996-11-19
An anticoagulant agent which comprises, as an active ingredient, an aromatic amidine derivative represented by the following general formula (1) or a salt thereof: ##STR1## wherein the group represented by ##STR2## is a group selected from indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and indanyl; X is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a carbonyl group; and Y is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic moiety or cyclic hydrocarbon moiety optionally having a substituent group, an amino group optionally having a substituent group or an aminoalkyl group optionally having a substituent group. The inventive compound has a high anticoagulant capacity based on its excellent FXa inhibition activity.
[EN] OXAZOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS INHIBITORS OF FAAH<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS D'OXAZOLE UTILES COMME INHIBITEURS DE FAAH
申请人:MERCK & CO INC
公开号:WO2010017079A1
公开(公告)日:2010-02-11
The present invention is directed to certain oxazole derivatives which are useful as inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds as active ingredients and the use of the compounds and their formulations in the treatment of certain disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, skeletomuscular pain, and fibromyalgia, as well as acute pain, migraine, sleep disorder, Alzeimer Disease, and Parkinson's Disease.