The present invention is to provide a two-component urethane-based adhesive composition that maintains excellent curing speed as a two-component composition and has excellent workability, adhesion, and heat resistance. The two-component urethane-based adhesive composition of the present invention contains: a main agent containing a urethane prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group; and a curing agent containing a compound (B) having at least two active hydrogen-containing groups in each molecule. At least one of the main agent or the curing agent contains a compound (C) having an isocyanurate ring, and microparticles (D) containing organic matter and having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 10 µm; and the compound (C) contains an isocyanurate of pentamethylene diisocyanate.