L-刀豆氨酸 | 543-38-4

• 物质功能分类: 有机原料 - 羧酸类化合物及衍生物
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 中文名称: L-刀豆氨酸
• 中文别名: 刀豆胺酸；4-胍氧丁胺酸
• 英文名称: l-canavanine
• 英文别名: L-2-amino-4-(guanidinooxy)butyric acid；O-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]homoserine；canavanine；canavanin；(2S)-2-ammonio-4-(carbamimidamidooxy)butanoate；(2S)-2-azaniumyl-4-(diaminomethylideneamino)oxybutanoate
• CAS: 543-38-4
• 化学式: C₅H₁₂N₄O₃
• mdl: MFCD02667783
• 分子量: 176.175
• InChiKey: FSBIGDSBMBYOPN-VKHMYHEASA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  184°
• 比旋光度：
  D20 +7.9° (c = 3.2)
• 沸点：
  307.78°C (rough estimate)
• 密度：
  1.3685 (rough estimate)
• 溶解度：
  H2O:<100 mg/mL
• 物理描述：
  Solid
• 颜色/状态：
  Crystals from absolute alcohol
• 蒸汽压力：
  3.18X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
• 稳定性/保质期：

  Stable under recommended storage conditions.

• 旋光度：
  Specific optical rotation: +7.9 deg at 20 °C/D (c = 3.2)
• 解离常数：
  pKa1 = 2.10 (carboxylic); pKa2 = 9.31 (amine) (est)
• 碰撞截面：
  133.3 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.8
• 重原子数：
  12
• 可旋转键数：
  5
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.6
• 拓扑面积：
  137
• 氢给体数：
  4
• 氢受体数：
  5

ADMET

代谢

L-刀豆氨酸（CAV）是从杰克豆（Canavalia ensiformis）中分离出来的精氨酸（ARG）类似物。CAV被整合到MIA PaCa-2人类胰腺癌细胞中的细胞蛋白中，异常的刀豆氨酰蛋白并未优先降解。刀豆氨酸通过精氨酸酶介导的水解裂解为刀豆宁（CAN）和尿素。CAN是一种强效代谢物，能够使含有维生素B6的酶失活，并可能抑制细胞生长。为了确定MIA PaCa-2细胞中精氨酸酶的存在及其对ARG和CAV的特异性，采用了一种放射性分析，该分析通过量化由精氨酸酶介导的L-[胍基-(14)C]ARG或L-[胍基氧-(14)C]CAV水解裂解时释放的(14)C来进行。当细胞暴露于[(14)C]CAV或[(14)C]ARG时，释放的(14)CO2量微不足道。胰腺癌细胞分泌的精氨酸酶量极少。比较了CAN和CAV在不同ARG浓度下对细胞的细胞毒性影响。这些研究表明，CAV对MIA PaCa-2细胞的细胞毒性效应不能归因于转化为活性代谢物CAN。精氨酸酶对CAV的水解较慢且减少，使得CAV能够持续存在，并增加了其整合到这些细胞蛋白中的机会。胰腺中缺乏大量的精氨酸酶使得CAV成为胰腺癌进一步研究的值得候选物。

L-Canavanine (CAV) is an arginine (ARG) analog isolated from the jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis. CAV becomes incorporated into cellular proteins of MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells and the aberrant, canavanyl proteins are not preferentially degraded. Hydrolytic cleavage of CAV to canaline (CAN) and urea is mediated by arginase. CAN is a potent metabolite that inactivates vitamin B6-containing enzymes and may inhibit cell growth. To determine the presence of arginase and its specificity for ARG and CAV in MIA PaCa-2 cells, a radiometric assay, which quantifies the (14)C released from the hydrolytic cleavage of L-[guanidino-(14)C]ARG or L-[guanidinooxy-(14)C]CAV mediated by arginase, was employed. Insignificant amounts of (14)CO2 were released when cells were exposed to [(14)C]CAV or to [(14)C]ARG. Pancreatic cancer cells secrete a negligible amount of arginase. Cytotoxic effects of CAN and CAV were compared on cells exposed to varying concentrations of ARG. These studies provide evidence that CAV's cytotoxic effects on MIA PaCa-2 cells cannot be attributed to conversion to the active metabolite CAN. A slower and decreased hydrolysis of CAV by arginase allows CAV to persist and increases its chances of incorporating into proteins in these cells. Lack of considerable amounts of arginase in the pancreas makes CAV a worthy candidate for further studies in pancreatic cancer.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

L-刀豆氨酸及其通过精氨酸酶催化的代谢物L-刀豆宁是两种正在开发中的新型抗癌药物。由于开发中的药物进行免疫毒性评估是药物开发过程的一个关键组成部分，因此评估了L-刀豆氨酸和L-刀豆宁在体外的抗增殖效果。L-刀豆氨酸和L-刀豆宁在培养中对外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）具有细胞毒性。此外，单核细胞同时暴露于L-刀豆氨酸或L-刀豆宁以及一系列可能作为L-刀豆氨酸和L-刀豆宁作用代谢抑制剂的化合物中（L-精氨酸、L-鸟氨酸、D-精氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-同型精氨酸、腐胺、L-ω-硝基精氨酸甲酯和L-瓜氨酸）。评估这些化合物克服L-刀豆氨酸或L-刀豆宁细胞毒性的能力，以为了解可能介导这两种新型抗癌药物毒性的生化机制提供洞见。这些研究的结果表明，L-刀豆氨酸的毒性机制是通过L-精氨酸利用机制介导的，而L-刀豆氨酸的代谢物L-刀豆宁通过破坏多胺生物合成对人类PBMCs产生毒性。阐明与L-刀豆氨酸和L-刀豆宁对淋巴增殖影响相关的生化机制可能有助于最大化这些新型抗癌药物的治疗效果并最小化其毒性。

L-Canavanine and its arginase-catalyzed metabolite, L-canaline, are two novel anticancer agents in development. Since the immunotoxic evaluation of agents in development is a critical component of the drug development process, the antiproliferative effects of L-canavanine and L-canaline were evaluated in vitro. Both L-canavanine and L-canaline were cytotoxic to peripheral blood mononucleocytes (PBMCs) in culture. Additionally, the mononucleocytes were concurrently exposed to either L-canavanine or L-canaline and each one of a series of compounds that may act as metabolic inhibitors of the action of L-canavanine and L-canaline (L-arginine, L-ornithine, D-arginine, L-lysine, L-homoarginine, putrescine, L-omega-nitro arginine methyl ester, and L-citrulline). The capacity of these compounds to overcome the cytotoxic effects of L-canavanine or L-canaline was assessed in order to provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms that may underlie the toxicity of these two novel anticancer agents. The results of these studies suggest that the mechanism of L-canavanine toxicity is mediated through L-arginine-utilizing mechanisms and that the L-canavanine metabolite, L-canaline, is toxic to human PBMCs by disrupting polyamine biosynthesis. The elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms associated with the effects of L-canavanine and L-canaline on lymphoproliferation may be useful for maximizing the therapeutic effectiveness and minimizing the toxicity of these novel anticancer agents.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

L-刀豆氨酸是一种具有显著抗肿瘤效果的非常规氨基酸，对其代谢进行了研究。以2.0克/千克的剂量给予L-刀豆氨酸，并补充了5微居里的L-[脒基氧-(14)C]刀豆氨酸（58微居里/微摩尔），通过静脉注射、皮下注射或口服给体重约200克的女性的Sprague-Dawley大鼠。24小时内尿液中14C的回收率分别为给药剂量的83%、68%或61%。另外5-8%的(14)C以(14)CO2的形式呼出。胃肠道含有口服给药的21%的(14)C。血清、粪便、组织和从头合成的蛋白质只占原始剂量的几个百分点。分析含有14C的尿液代谢物发现，静脉注射后[(14)C]尿素占尿液放射活性的88%，皮下给药后占75%，口服给药后占50%。通过所有给药途径，[(14)C]脒基占尿液放射活性的5%，[(14)C]脒基乙酸占2%。血清和尿液氨基酸分析显示鸟氨酸水平明显升高。尿液中的碱性氨基酸，如组氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸也有所升高。在口服刀豆氨酸剂量为1.0、2.0和4.0克/千克后，测定了血浆氨水平。只有在4.0克/千克的剂量下观察到血浆氨的快速但短暂的升高。这表明，在本研究中使用的药物浓度下，血浆氨升高不是刀豆氨酸毒性的可能原因。

The metabolism of L-canavanine, a nonprotein amino acid with significant antitumor effects, was investigated. L-Canavanine, provided at 2.0 g/kg, was supplemented with 5 uCi of L-[guanidinooxy-(14)C]canavanine (58 uCi/mumol) and administered iv, sc, or orally to female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200 g. 14C recovery in the urine at 24 hr was 83, 68, or 61%, respectively, of the administered dose. Another 5-8% of the (14)C was expired as (14)CO2. The gastrointestinal tract contained 21% of orally administered (14)C. Serum, feces, tissues, and de novo synthesized proteins only accounted for a few percent of the original dose by any administrative route. Analysis of the (14)C-containing urinary metabolites revealed that [(14)C] urea accounted for 88% of the urinary radioactivity for an iv injection, 75% for sc administration, and 50% following an oral dose. By all routes of administration, [(14)C]guanidine represented 5% of the radioactivity in the urine and [(14)C]guanidinoacetic acid accounted for 2%. Serum and urine amino acid analysis showed a markedly elevated ornithine level. Basic amino acids such as histidine, lysine, and arginine were also higher in the urine. Plasma ammonia levels were determined following oral canavanine doses of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg. A rapid but transient elevation in plasma ammonia was observed only at the 4.0 g/kg dose. This indicates that elevated plasma ammonia is not a likely cause of canavanine toxicity at the drug concentrations used in this study.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

之前观察到，在氨基酸氧化酶与刀豆氨酸（2-氨基-4-胍氧基丁酸）反应中会形成羟基胍。目前的工作表明，羟基胍是通过非酶促的beta,gamma-消除反应形成的，该反应在alpha-C位置经过酶促氧化，并且beta-H的抽象是由一般碱催化的。消除反应需要在alpha位置有一个能稳定负离子的基团——质子化的亚胺基（亚胺离子基团）或羰基。亚胺离子基团比羰基更具激活作用。消除反应还通过胍氧基团的质子化得到进一步促进。消除反应形成的另一种产物被确认为乙烯醛（2-氧代-3-丁烯酸），这是一种非常高度亲电子的物质。经氧化后水解的产物被确认为alpha-酮基-gamma-胍氧基丁酸（酮刀豆氨酸）。羟基胍与酮刀豆氨酸的比例取决于碱催化剂的浓度和碱度，以及pH值。在脒肼存在的情况下，消除反应被阻止，因为酮刀豆氨酸的脒肼衍生物中的亚胺基团没有显著质子化。将刀豆氨酸与5'-脱氧吡哆醛一起培养也产生了羟基胍。由于消除反应在温和条件下进行，它们可能在活体内发生，在L-刀豆氨酸（摄入或内源形成）或其他在gamma位置有良好离去基团的氨基酸（例如，S-腺苷甲硫氨酸、甲硫氨酸亚砜、同型半胱氨酸或半胱氨酸-同型半胱氨酸混合二硫化物）的alpha-C位置经过L-氨基酸氧化酶、转氨酶或脱氢酶氧化后。因此，乙烯醛可能是哺乳动物的正常代谢物，在浓度升高时，可能会对刀豆氨酸和上述一些其他氨基酸的体内毒性产生影响。

It was observed previously that hydroxyguanidine is formed in the reaction of canavanine(2-amino-4-guanidinooxybutanoate) with amino acid oxidases. The present work shows that hydroxyguanidine is formed by a nonenzymatic beta,gamma-elimination reaction following enzymatic oxidation at the alpha-C and that the abstraction of the beta-H is general-base catalyzed. The elimination reaction requires the presence in the alpha-position of an anion-stabilizing group--the protonated imino group (iminium ion group) or the carbonyl group. The iminium ion group is more activating than the carbonyl group. Elimination is further facilitated by protonation of the guanidinooxy group. The other product formed in the elimination reaction was identified as vinylglyoxylate (2-oxo-3-butenoate), a very highly electrophilic substance. The product resulting from hydrolysis following oxidation was identified as alpha-keto-gamma-guanidinooxybutyrate (ketocanavanine). The ratio of hydroxyguanidine to ketocanavanine depended upon the concentration and degree of basicity of the basic catalyst and on pH. In the presence of semicarbazide, the elimination reaction was prevented because the imino group in the semicarbazone derivative of ketocanavanine is not significantly protonated. Incubation of canavanine with 5'-deoxypyridoxal also yielded hydroxyguanidine. Since the elimination reactions take place under mild conditions, they may occur in vivo following oxidation at the alpha-C of L-canavanine (ingested or formed endogenously) or of other amino acids with a good leaving group in the gamma-position (e.g., S-adenosylmethionine, methionine sulfoximine, homocyst(e)ine, or cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide) by an L-amino acid oxidase, a transaminase, or a dehydrogenase. Therefore, vinylglyoxylate may be a normal metabolite in mammals which at elevated concentrations may contribute to the in vivo toxicity of canavanine and of some of the other above-mentioned amino acids.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别和使用：L-刀豆氨酸是一种固体。它是L-精氨酸的一种潜在有毒的 antimeTAbolite，被许多豆科植物储存。它对多种动物携带的癌症和癌细胞系具有明显的抗肿瘤活性。L-刀豆氨酸曾被用作实验性药物。 人体暴露和毒性：L-刀豆氨酸是一种天然存在的L-氨基酸，由于它与这种L-氨基酸的结构类似，它干扰了利用L-精氨酸的酶。在表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的巨噬细胞和多形核白细胞中，L-刀豆氨酸能够防止由L-精氨酸衍生的NO合成。L-刀豆氨酸对人类血小板的效应与浓度有关：在低浓度下，它通过独立于NOS抑制的作用表现出抗聚集效应，而在高浓度下，它抑制NO合成并不表现出抗聚集效应。L-刀豆氨酸对培养中的人外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）具有细胞毒性。这些研究的结果表明，L-刀豆氨酸毒性的机制是通过L-精氨酸利用机制介导的，并且L-刀豆氨酸的代谢物，L-刀豆醇，通过破坏聚胺生物合成对人类PBMCs具有毒性。 动物研究：L-刀豆氨酸对大鼠经皮下注射单次给药仅具有轻微毒性：成年大鼠的LD50为5.9±1.8 g/kg，10天大的大鼠为5.0±1.0 g/kg。重复皮下给药导致更严重的毒性。在大鼠连续7天皮下注射L-刀豆氨酸后观察到体重减轻和脱发。在接受这种给药方案的成年大鼠中，食物摄入量减少了80%，但在L-刀豆氨酸注射终止后恢复到正常水平。对3.0 g/kg L-刀豆氨酸连续6天给药的成年大鼠的组织进行组织学研究发现胰腺腺泡细胞萎缩和纤维化。在一次皮下注射2.0 g/kg L-刀豆氨酸后，血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平升高；三次每日注射后，两种血清酶均耗尽。观察到血清葡萄糖和尿素氮升高以及胆固醇降低。最显著的变化是血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的严重降低。十八只雌性小鼠被喂食含有1.56% L-刀豆氨酸硫酸盐（1%基）的饮食，另外十八只被喂食对照饮食，从第84天到第477天。从第84天到第164天，每只小鼠每天喂食4 g，之后每天喂食5 g。只有6只（10只中的）喂食L-刀豆氨酸的带有交配栓的小鼠（与对照组的5只中的5只相比）在妊娠17天时携带任何幼崽。黄体、胚胎和吸收部位的计数表明，这些对妊娠的显著影响可能是由于着床失败。只有50%的对照小鼠和89%的喂食L-刀豆氨酸的小鼠存活到477天。这些结果表明，L-刀豆氨酸可能延长小鼠的寿命，但干扰它们的繁殖。为了阐明每种化合物的细胞毒性的机制，研究了L-刀豆氨酸及其代谢物L-刀豆醇对Salmonella typhimurium TA100和Bacillus subtilis h 17 rec+ & M 45 rec-的诱变活性。这些化合物及其从大鼠肝匀浆中获得的代谢物没有引起DNA结构上的碱基对替换和移码活性。显然，这些化合物并不直接作用于DNA，但其他机制，如形成含有L-刀豆氨酸的蛋白质，似乎影响DNA代谢。L-刀豆氨酸显著抑制了大鼠结肠癌的生长。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: L-canavanine is a solid. It is a potentially toxic antimetabolite of L-arginine that is stored by many leguminous plants. It has demonstrative antineoplastic activity against a number of animal-bearing carcinomas and cancer cell lines. L-canavanine has been used as an experimental medication. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: L-Canavanine is a naturally occurring L-amino acid that interferes with L-arginine-utilizing enzymes owing to its structural analogy with this L-amino acid. In macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), L-canavanine is able to prevent the L-arginine-derived synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). L-canavanine exerts differential effects on human platelets in relation to the concentrations: at low levels, it exerts antiaggregating effects by actions independent of NOS inhibition, whereas, at high levels, it inhibits NO synthesis and does not exert antiaggregating effects. L-canavanine was cytotoxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (PBMCs) in culture. The results of these studies suggest that the mechanism of L-canavanine toxicity is mediated through L-arginine-utilizing mechanisms and that the L-canavanine metabolite, L-canaline, is toxic to human PBMCs by disrupting polyamine biosynthesis. ANIMAL STUDIES: It was only slightly toxic to rats following a single sc injection: the LD50 was 5.9 +/- 1 8 g/kg in adult rats and 5.0 +/- 1.0 g/kg in 10-day-old rats. Repeated sc administration of canavanine resulted in more severe toxicity. Weight loss and alopecia were observed in rats given daily sc canavanine injections for 7 days. Food intake was decreased by 80% in adult rats subjected to this dosing regimen, but returned to normal after canavanine injections were terminated. Histological studies of tissues from adult rats treated with 3.0 g/kg canavanine daily for 6 days revealed pancreatic acinar cell atrophy and fibrosis. Serum amylase and lipase levels were elevated following one sc injection of 2.0 g/kg canavanine; after three daily injections both serum enzymes were depleted. Elevations in serum glucose and urea nitrogen, and depletion of cholesterol, were observed. The most significant changes were severe attenuations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Eighteen female mice were fed a diet containing 1.56% canavanine sulphate (1% base) and eighteen others were fed a control diet from day 84 to day 477 of age. Four g/d/mouse diet were fed from day 84 to day 164 of age and 5 g/d/mouse were fed thereafter. Only 6 of 10 canavanine-fed mice with copulatory plugs (vs 5 of 5 controls) carried any pups to 17d of gestation. Counts of corpora lutea, embryos and resorption sites indicate that these significant effects on pregnancy may have been due to failure of implantation. Only 50% of control mice and a full 89% of canavanine-fed mice survived to 477 days of age. These results indicate that canavanine may extend the life of mice, but interferes with their reproduction. Mutagenic activities of l-canavanine and metabolite l-canaline on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Bacillus subtilis h 17 rec+ & M 45 rec- were investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of cytotoxicity of each compound. Both compounds and their metabolites obtained from rat liver homogenate did not cause base-pair substitutions and frameshift activities on DNA structure. Apparently, the compounds do not act on DNA directly, but other mechanisms, such as formation of l-canavanine-containing proteins, appear to influence DNA metabolism. Canavanine induced marked growth inhibition of the rat colon carcinoma.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

烟草天蛾（Manduca sexta，天蛾科）幼虫在喂食含有2.5毫摩尔/升刀豆素的饮食后，其生长和发育受到了显著干扰。当这些生物被喂食补充了1:10摩尔比例的L-精氨酸、L-瓜氨酸、L-鸟氨酸或L-2,4-二氨基丁酸的刀豆素饮食时，由刀豆素介导的幼虫生长干扰大大增强；幼虫表现出增强的血淋巴体积（水肿）和不完全的幼虫-蛹蜕皮导致的显著死亡率。

The growth and development of final-stadium tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (sphingidae) larvae fed a 2.5 mmole l-canavanine containing diet was markedly disrupted. Such canavanine-mediated disruption of larval growth was intensified greatly when these organisms were fed a canavanine-containing diet supplemented with a 1:10 molar ratio of l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, or l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; the larvae possess enhanced hemolymph volume (edema) and a significant mortality results from incomplete larval-pupal ecdysis.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

本研究调查了非选择性内皮素受体拮抗剂波森坦以及相对选择性的诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨胍和L-刀豆素对内毒素血症引起的肠系膜血流减少、肝脏和脾脏损伤的调节作用。瑞士白化小鼠（体重20-40克）在接受生理盐水或大肠杆菌内毒素（10 mg/kg）前10分钟通过腹腔注射波森坦（3、10或30 mg/kg）、氨胍（15 mg/kg）或L-刀豆素（20或100 mg/kg）。4小时后，对小鼠进行麻醉，测量肠系膜血流量，确定脾脏和肝脏的重量与体重比，并对器官进行组织病理学检查。内毒素减少了肠系膜血流量（毫升/分钟，生理盐水：3.0 ± 0.2；内毒素：2.2 ± 0.2；n=10，p<0.05），增加了肝脏（每千克体重的克数，生理盐水：47.5 ± 2.0；内毒素：60.8 ± 1.9；n=10，p<0.05）和脾脏（每千克体重的克数，生理盐水：3.9 ± 0.5；内毒素：8.6 ± 0.9；n=10，p<0.01）的重量，并对两个器官造成了显著的病理学损伤。波森坦在3 mg/kg的剂量下无效，但在10和30 mg/kg的剂量下，它完全消除了内毒素的所有有害影响。氨胍阻断了内毒素的大部分影响，除了对脾脏的影响。相比之下，L-刀豆素仅阻断了内毒素引起的肝脏重量增加，但它本身增加了脾脏重量，并未阻断内毒素的任何其他影响。因此，可以推测氨胍的有益效果主要是通过除选择性诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制以外的机制产生的，因为L-刀豆素并不完全有效。使用波森坦抑制内皮素的有益效果在理解内毒素血症相关综合征的治疗中可以进一步利用。

The modulatory effects of a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, were investigated together with those of relatively selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, aminoguanidine and L-canavanine, on mesenteric blood flow decrease, liver and spleen injury elicited by endotoxemia. Swiss albino mice (20-40 g) were administered intraperitoneally bosentan (3, 10 or 30 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (15 mg/kg) or L-canavanine (20 or 100 mg/kg) 10 min before they received saline or Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg). After 4 hr, the mice were anesthetized, mesenteric blood flow values were measured, spleen and liver weight/body weight ratios were determined and the organs were examined histopathologically. Endotoxin decreased mesenteric blood flow (mL/min), saline: 3.0 +/- 0.2; endotoxin: 2.2 +/- 0.2: n=10, p<0.05), increased the weight of liver (g per kg body weight, saline: 47.5 +/- 2.0; endotoxin: 60.8 +/- 1.9: n=10, p<0.05) and spleen (g per kg body weight, saline: 3.9 +/- 0.5; endotoxin: 8.6 +/- 0.9; n=10, p<0.01) while it inflicted significant histopathological injury to both organs. Bosentan was ineffective at 3 mg/kg but at 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, it abolished all the deleterious effects of endotoxin without exception. Aminoguanidine blocked most of the effects of endotoxin except those on spleen. In contrast, L-canavanine blocked only the endotoxin-induced increase in liver weight but itself increased spleen weight and failed to block any other effects of endotoxin. Thus, it can be speculated that the beneficial effects of aminoguanidine are produced largely by mechanisms other than selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition since L-canavanine was not fully effective. The beneficial effects of endothelin inhibition by using bosentan in endotoxemia can be further exploited for the understanding and the therapy of sepsis-related syndromes.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

研究了L-刀豆氨酸（一氧化氮合酶的抑制剂）对戊巴比妥麻醉大鼠内毒素诱导休克的影响。内毒素输注（2.5 mg kg-1 hr-1，持续6小时）导致了进行性的显著低血压和低血糖。电子显微镜检查显示肾脏发生了明显变化，包括严重的内皮细胞破坏和血管内血小板积聚。在肺部，小血管中出现了明显的多形核白细胞积聚和内皮细胞破坏。用L-刀豆氨酸治疗（在内毒素或生理盐水输注后70分钟开始，每小时通过静脉推注10 mg kg-1）显著减少了内毒素诱导的低血压，而对低血糖没有影响。这种治疗显著减少了内毒素诱导的肾脏和肺部的电子显微镜下变化。尽管L-刀豆氨酸和L-硝基精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）一样，在体外抑制了小脑组成型一氧化氮合酶和脾脏诱导型一氧化氮合酶，但与L-NAME不同的是，它没有改变对照组大鼠的动脉血压或颈动脉血流量。这些数据表明L-刀豆氨酸至少在体内是一种选择性的诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂，并且提示这种酶的抑制剂可能对内毒素诱导的休克有益。

The effects of L-canavanine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on endotoxin-induced shock was investigated in the pentobarbitone anesthetized rat. Endotoxin infusion (2.5 mg kg-1 hr-1 over 6 hr) produced progressive and marked hypotension and hypoglycemia. Electron microscopy showed marked changes in the kidney, comprising severe endothelial cell disruption and the accumulation of platelets in the blood vessels. In the lung, there was marked accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in small blood vessels and endothelial disruption. Treatment with L-canavanine (10 mg kg-1 by bolus injection each hour starting 70 min after endotoxin or saline infusion) significantly reduced endotoxin-induced hypotension, without any effect on the hypoglycemia. This treatment markedly reduced the endotoxin-induced electron microscopical changes in the kidneys and lungs. Although L-canavanine, like L-NAME, inhibited both cerebellar constitute and splenic inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro, in contrast to L-NAME it did not modify either arterial blood pressure or carotid artery blood flow in control rats. The data are consistent with L-canavanine being a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, at least in vivo, and suggest that inhibitors of this enzyme may be beneficial in endotoxin-induced shock.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

L-刀豆素和镉对HeLa S3细胞的核糖核蛋白组成的影响已经进行了分析。这两种化学物质都会在不同RNP结构以及RNA和蛋白质合成中诱导出相似的变化模式。脉冲和追踪放射性自显影实验揭示，刀豆素和镉都会优先抑制核仁RNA的合成，并减缓核仁和核外RNA的运输或加工。核仁变得圆润且紧密。周围出现染色质颗粒和纤维的积累，染色质间纤维减少，并且出现了似乎参与在处理过程中积累的周围染色质颗粒形态发生的核结构。29到35纳米颗粒簇的出现可能与周围染色质颗粒组成成分的组装不足有关。不同转录过程抑制剂对周围染色质颗粒积累的影响表明，这些颗粒代表了一种特殊的hnRNP亚群。

The effects of L-canavanine and cadmium on the ribonucleoprotein constituents of HeLa S3 cells have been analyzed. Both chemicals induce a similar pattern of alterations in different RNP structures as well as in both RNA and protein synthesis. Pulse and chase autoradiographic experiments reveal that both canavanine and cadmium induce a preferential inhibition of nucleolar RNA synthesis and a slowdown in the transport or processing of nucleolar and extranucleolar RNA. Nucleoli become round and compact. Accumulation of perichromatin granules and fibrils occurs, there is a depletion of interchromatin fibrils, and nuclear formations appear which seem to be involved in the morphogenesis of perichromatin granules accumulated during the treatments. The appearance of clusters of 29- to 35-nm granules might be related with a deficient assembling of constituents of perichromatin granules. The effects of different inhibitors of the transcriptional processes on the accumulation of perichromatin granules suggest that these granules represent a particular subpopulation of hnRNP.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

L-刀豆氨酸的毒性研究是因为它作为一种抗肿瘤药物的潜力。这种天然产物对Sprague-Dawley大鼠在单次皮下注射后仅表现出轻微的毒性：成年大鼠的LD50为5.9 ± 1.8 g/kg，10天大的大鼠的LD50为5.0 ± 1.0 g/kg。在成年大鼠中，单次剂量为2.0 g/kg时，刀豆氨酸的系统清除率为0.114升/小时，稳态分布体积为0.154升，半衰期为1.56小时。静脉注射后，48%的剂量未改变地通过尿液排出，16%的皮下剂量在尿液中回收。2.0 g/kg皮下剂量的生物利用度为72%。成年大鼠口服刀豆氨酸的单次剂量比皮下注射的毒性小。2.0 g/kg口服剂量的生物利用度为43%，只有1%的给药刀豆氨酸在尿液中回收。口服剂量后24小时，21%的给药刀豆氨酸残留在胃肠道中。在给药后4或24小时，成年和新生大鼠的蛋白质中仅不到1%的2.0 g/kg剂量的L-[脒基氧-(14)C]刀豆氨酸被结合。重复皮下给药刀豆氨酸会导致更严重的毒性。在连续7天每天皮下注射刀豆氨酸的大鼠中观察到体重减轻和脱发。成年大鼠在这种给药方案下的食物摄入量减少了80%，但在停止注射刀豆氨酸后恢复正常。对连续6天每天以3.0 g/kg刀豆氨酸处理的成年大鼠的组织进行组织学研究发现胰腺腺泡细胞萎缩和纤维化。单次皮下注射2.0 g/kg刀豆氨酸后，血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平升高；三次每日注射后，两种血清酶均耗尽。观察到血清葡萄糖和尿素氮升高，以及胆固醇降低。最显著的变化是血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的严重降低。

The toxicity of L-canavanine was investigated because of its demonstrated potential as an antitumor drug. This natural product was only slightly toxic to Sprague-Dawley rats following a single sc injection: the LD50 was 5.9 +/- 1 8 g/kg in adult rats and 5.0 +/- 1.0 g/kg in 10-day-old rats. Following a single dose of 2.0 g/kg, the systemic clearance value for canavanine in adult rats was 0.114 liter/hr, the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.154 liter, and the half-life was 1.56 hr. Forty-eight percent of the dose was excreted unaltered in the urine following an iv injection, and 16% of a sc dose was recovered in the urine. Bioavailability of a 2.0 g/kg sc dose was 72%. Single oral doses of canavanine were less toxic to adult rats than sc injections. Bioavailability of a 2.0 g/kg po dose was 43%, and only 1% of the administered canavanine was recovered in the urine. Twenty-one percent of the administered canavanine remained in the gastrointestinal tract 24 hr after an oral dose. Less than 1% of a 2.0 g/kg dose of L-[guanidinooxy-(14)C]canavanine was incorporated into the proteins of adult and neonatal rats 4 or 24 hr following administration. Repeated sc administration of canavanine resulted in more severe toxicity. Weight loss and alopecia were observed in rats given daily sc canavanine injections for 7 days. Food intake was decreased by 80% in adult rats subjected to this dosing regimen, but returned to normal after canavanine injections were terminated. Histological studies of tissues from adult rats treated with 3.0 g/kg canavanine daily for 6 days revealed pancreatic acinar cell atrophy and fibrosis. Serum amylase and lipase levels were elevated following one sc injection of 2.0 g/kg canavanine; after three daily injections both serum enzymes were depleted. Elevations in serum glucose and urea nitrogen, and depletion of cholesterol, were observed. The most significant changes were severe attenuations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activity.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  Xn
• 危险类别码：
  R20/21/22
• 海关编码：
  2925290090
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 危险标志：
  GHS07
• 危险性描述：
  H302,H312,H332
• 危险性防范说明：
  P280
• 储存条件：
  库房应保持通风、低温和干燥环境。

SDS

1.1 产品标识符
: L-Canavanine
产品名称
1.2 鉴别的其他方法
L-α-Amino-γ-(guanidinooxy)-n-butyric acid
1.3 有关的确定了的物质或混合物的用途和建议不适合的用途
仅供科研用途，不作为药物、家庭备用药或其它用途。

---

模块 2. 危险性概述
2.1 GHS分类
急性毒性, 经口 (类别4)
急性毒性, 吸入 (类别4)
急性毒性, 经皮 (类别4)
2.2 GHS 标记要素，包括预防性的陈述
象形图
警示词 警告
危险申明
H302 吞咽有害。
H312 皮肤接触有害。
H332 吸入有害。
警告申明
预防
P261 避免吸入粉尘/烟/气体/烟雾/蒸气/喷雾.
P264 操作后彻底清洁皮肤。
P270 使用本产品时不要进食、饮水或吸烟。
P271 只能在室外或通风良好之处使用。
P280 穿戴防护手套/ 防护服。
措施
P301 + P312 如果吞下去了: 如感觉不适，呼救解毒中心或看医生。
P302 + P352 如与皮肤接触，用大量肥皂和水冲洗受感染部位.
P304 + P340 如吸入，将患者移至新鲜空气处并保持呼吸顺畅的姿势休息.
P312 如感觉不适，呼救中毒控制中心或医生.
P322 具体措施(见本标签上提供的急救指导)。
P330 漱口。
P363 沾染的衣服清洗后方可重新使用。
处理
P501 将内容物/ 容器处理到得到批准的废物处理厂。
2.3 其它危害物 - 无

---

模块 3. 成分/组成信息
3.1 物 质
: L-α-Amino-γ-(guanidinooxy)-n-butyric acid
别名
: C5H12N4O3
分子式
: 176.17 g/mol
分子量
组分 浓度或浓度范围
Canavanine, crude
-
CAS 号 543-38-4

---

模块 4. 急救措施
4.1 必要的急救措施描述
一般的建议
请教医生。 出示此安全技术说明书给到现场的医生看。
吸入
如果吸入,请将患者移到新鲜空气处。 如果停止了呼吸,给于人工呼吸。 请教医生。
皮肤接触
用肥皂和大量的水冲洗。 请教医生。
眼睛接触
用水冲洗眼睛作为预防措施。
食入
切勿给失去知觉者从嘴里喂食任何东西。 用水漱口。 请教医生。
4.2 主要症状和影响，急性和迟发效应
贫血, 据我们所知，此化学，物理和毒性性质尚未经完整的研究。
4.3 及时的医疗处理和所需的特殊处理的说明和指示
无数据资料

---

模块 5. 消防措施
5.1 灭火介质
灭火方法及灭火剂
用水雾,耐醇泡沫,干粉或二氧化碳灭火。
5.2 源于此物质或混合物的特别的危害
碳氧化物, 氮氧化物
5.3 给消防员的建议
如必要的话,戴自给式呼吸器去救火。
5.4 进一步信息
无数据资料

---

模块 6. 泄露应急处理
6.1 人员的预防,防护设备和紧急处理程序
使用个人防护设备。 防止粉尘的生成。 防止吸入蒸汽、气雾或气体。 保证充分的通风。 避免吸入粉尘。
6.2 环境保护措施
不要让产物进入下水道。
6.3 抑制和清除溢出物的方法和材料
收集、处理泄漏物，不要产生灰尘。 扫掉和铲掉。 存放进适当的闭口容器中待处理。
6.4 参考其他部分
丢弃处理请参阅第13节。

---

模块 7. 操作处置与储存
7.1 安全操作的注意事项
避免接触皮肤和眼睛。 防止粉尘和气溶胶生成。
在有粉尘生成的地方,提供合适的排风设备。
7.2 安全储存的条件,包括任何不兼容性
贮存在阴凉处。 容器保持紧闭，储存在干燥通风处。
建议的贮存温度： 2 - 8 °C
7.3 特定用途
无数据资料

---

模块 8. 接触控制和个体防护
8.1 容许浓度
最高容许浓度
没有已知的国家规定的暴露极限。
8.2 暴露控制
适当的技术控制
按照良好工业和安全规范操作。 休息前和工作结束时洗手。
个体防护设备
眼/面保护
带有防护边罩的安全眼镜符合 EN166要求请使用经官方标准如NIOSH (美国) 或 EN 166(欧盟)
检测与批准的设备防护眼部。
皮肤保护
戴手套取 手套在使用前必须受检查。
请使用合适的方法脱除手套(不要接触手套外部表面),避免任何皮肤部位接触此产品.
使用后请将被污染过的手套根据相关法律法规和有效的实验室规章程序谨慎处理. 请清洗并吹干双手
所选择的保护手套必须符合EU的89/686/EEC规定和从它衍生出来的EN 376标准。
身体保护
全套防化学试剂工作服, 防护设备的类型必须根据特定工作场所中的危险物的浓度和含量来选择。
呼吸系统防护
如须暴露于有害环境中,请使用P95型(美国)或P1型(欧盟 英国
143)防微粒呼吸器。如需更高级别防护,请使用OV/AG/P99型(美国)或ABEK-P2型 (欧盟 英国 143)
防毒罐。
呼吸器使用经过测试并通过政府标准如NIOSH（US）或CEN（EU）的呼吸器和零件。

---

模块 9. 理化特性
9.1 基本的理化特性的信息
a) 外观与性状
形状: 粉末
b) 气味
无数据资料
c) 气味阈值
无数据资料
d) pH值
无数据资料
e) 熔点/凝固点
无数据资料
f) 起始沸点和沸程
无数据资料
g) 闪点
无数据资料
h) 蒸发速率
无数据资料
i) 易燃性(固体,气体)
无数据资料
j) 高的/低的燃烧性或爆炸性限度 无数据资料
k) 蒸汽压
无数据资料
l) 蒸汽密度
无数据资料
m) 相对密度
无数据资料
n) 水溶性
无数据资料
o) n-辛醇/水分配系数
无数据资料
p) 自燃温度
无数据资料
q) 分解温度
无数据资料
r) 粘度
无数据资料

---

模块 10. 稳定性和反应活性
10.1 反应性
无数据资料
10.2 稳定性
无数据资料
10.3 危险反应的可能性
无数据资料
10.4 应避免的条件
无数据资料
10.5 不兼容的材料
强氧化剂
10.6 危险的分解产物
其它分解产物 - 无数据资料

---

模块 11. 毒理学资料
11.1 毒理学影响的信息
急性毒性
无数据资料
皮肤刺激或腐蚀
无数据资料
眼睛刺激或腐蚀
无数据资料
呼吸道或皮肤过敏
无数据资料
生殖细胞突变性
细胞突变性-体外试验 - 仓鼠 - 其他细胞类型
DNA抑制
致癌性
IARC:
此产品中没有大于或等于 0。1%含量的组分被 IARC鉴别为可能的或肯定的人类致癌物。
生殖毒性
无数据资料
特异性靶器官系统毒性（一次接触）
无数据资料
特异性靶器官系统毒性（反复接触）
无数据资料
吸入危险
无数据资料
潜在的健康影响
吸入 吸入有害。 可能引起呼吸道刺激。
摄入 误吞对人体有害。
皮肤 如果通过皮肤被吸收是有害的。 可能引起皮肤刺激。
眼睛 可能引起眼睛刺激。
接触后的征兆和症状
贫血, 据我们所知，此化学，物理和毒性性质尚未经完整的研究。
附加说明
化学物质毒性作用登记: ES7002000

---

模块 12. 生态学资料
12.1 生态毒性
无数据资料
12.2 持久存留性和降解性
无数据资料
12.3 潜在的生物蓄积性
无数据资料
12.4 土壤中的迁移性
无数据资料
12.5 PBT 和 vPvB的结果评价
无数据资料
12.6 其它不利的影响
无数据资料

---

模块 13. 废弃处置
13.1 废物处理方法
产品
将剩余的和未回收的溶液交给处理公司。
与易燃溶剂相溶或者相混合，在备有燃烧后处理和洗刷作用的化学焚化炉中燃烧
受污染的容器和包装
作为未用过的产品弃置。

---

模块 14. 运输信息
14.1 联合国危险货物编号
欧洲陆运危规: - 国际海运危规: - 国际空运危规: -
14.2 联合国（UN）规定的名称
欧洲陆运危规: 非危险货物
国际海运危规: 非危险货物
国际空运危规: 非危险货物
14.3 运输危险类别
欧洲陆运危规: - 国际海运危规: - 国际空运危规: -
14.4 包裹组
欧洲陆运危规: - 国际海运危规: - 国际空运危规: -
14.5 环境危险
欧洲陆运危规: 否 国际海运危规 海运污染物: 否 国际空运危规: 否
14.6 对使用者的特别提醒
无数据资料

---

模块 15 - 法规信息
N/A

---

模块16 - 其他信息
N/A

制备方法与用途

类别：有毒物品

毒性分级：低毒

急性毒性：

• 腹腔注射 - 大鼠 LD50: 7000 毫克/公斤
• 皮下注射 - 大鼠 LD50: 5900 毫克/公斤

可燃性危险特性：可燃；燃烧时产生有毒氮氧化物烟雾

储运特性：库房应通风、低温且干燥

灭火剂：干粉、泡沫、砂土、二氧化碳或雾状水

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  L-刀豆氨酸 在 乙酸酐 作用下， 生成 canavanine
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Nakatsu, Journal of Biochemistry, 1959, vol. 46, p. 1343,1344

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  O-甲基异脲 、 alkaline earth salt of/the/ methylsulfuric acid 在 甲醇 作用下， 生成 L-刀豆氨酸
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Kitagawa; Takani, Journal of Biochemistry, 1936, vol. 23, p. 181,182

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Inactivation of Microbial Arginine Deiminases by <scp>l</scp>-Canavanine
  作者：Ling Li、Zhimin Li、Danqi Chen、Xuefeng Lu、Xiaohua Feng、Elizabeth C. Wright、Nathan O. Solberg、Debra Dunaway-Mariano、Patrick S. Mariano、Andrey Galkin、Liudmila Kulakova、Osnat Herzberg、Kari B. Green-Church、Liwen Zhang

  DOI：10.1021/ja0760877

  日期：2008.2.1

  that branch at the Cys-alkylthiouronium ion intermediate. One pathway leads to direct formation of O-ureido-L-homoserine via a reactive thiouronium intermediate. The other pathway leads to an inactive form of the enzyme, which was shown by chemical model and mass spectrometric studies to be a Cys-alkylisothiourea adduct. This adduct undergoes slow hydrolysis to form O-ureido-L-homoserine and regenerated

  精氨酸脱亚胺酶 (ADI) 催化 L-精氨酸水解转化为氨和 L-瓜氨酸，作为产生能量的 L-精氨酸降解途径的一部分。ADI 催化的化学机制涉及 Cys-烷基硫脲鎓离子中间体的初始形成和随后的水解。铜绿假单胞菌 ADI-（L-精氨酸）复合物的结构指导精氨酸类似物的设计，这些类似物可能与 ADI 反应在催化转化过程中形成无活性的共价加合物。一种这样的候选物是 L-刀豆氨酸，其中 L-精氨酸的 N-亚甲基被 NO 取代。该物质被证明是一种缓慢产生底物的 O-脲基-L-高丝氨酸。P的深入动力学和质谱分析。L-刀豆氨酸对铜绿假单胞菌 ADI 的抑制表明，在 Cys-烷基硫脲鎓离子中间体的分支处遵循两条竞争途径。一种途径导致通过反应性硫脲中间体直接形成 O-脲基-L-高丝氨酸。另一种途径导致酶的非活性形式，化学模型和质谱研究表明它是半胱氨酸-烷基异硫脲加合物。该加合物经过缓慢水解形成 O-脲基-L-高
• Electronic Case-Report Forms of Symptoms and Impairments of Peripheral Neuropathy
  作者：Peter J. Dyck、David W. Turner、Jenny L. Davies、Peter C. O’Brien、P. James B. Dyck、Cynthia A. Rask

  DOI：10.1017/s0317167100002043

  日期：2002.8

  For the conduct of controlled clinical trials, epidemiologic surveys or even of medical practice of varieties of peripheral neuropathy, the usefulness, error rate and cost-effectiveness of scannable case-report forms has not been studied. Materials and

  The overall performance, the frequency of the problems identified and corrected, and the time saved from use of a standard paper case report form was evaluated in multicenter treatment trials, single center epidemiologic surveys and in our neurologic practice. The paper case report form (Clinical Neuropathy Assessment [CNA]) for pen entry at study medical centers for patient, disease and demographic information (Lower Limb Function [LLF] and Neuropathy Impairment Score [NIS]) can be faxed to a core Reading and Quality Assurance Center where the form and data is electronically and interactively evaluated and corrected, if needed, by participating medical centers before electronic entry into database.

  1) The approach provides a standard, scannable paper case report form for pen entry of neuropathy symptoms, impairments and disability at the bedside or in the office which is retained as a source document at the participating medical center but a facsimile can be transferred instantaneously, its data can be programmed, interactively evaluated, modified and stored while maintaining an audit trail; 2) it allowed efficient and accurate reading, transfer, analysis, and storage of data of more than 15,000 forms used in multicenter trials; 3) in 500 consecutive CNA evaluations, software programs identified and facilitated interactive corrections of omissions, discrepancies, and disease and study inconsistencies, introducing only a few readily identified and corrected entry errors; and 4) use of programmed, as compared to non-programmed assessment, was more accurate than double keyboard entry of data and was approximately five times faster.

  背景和目的：对于外周神经病的临床对照试验、流行病学调查甚至医疗实践，尚未研究过可扫描病例报告表的实用性、错误率和成本效益。材料与方法：我们在多中心治疗试验、单中心流行病学调查和神经科临床实践中评估了标准纸质病例报告表的总体性能、发现和纠正问题的频率以及使用该表所节省的时间。纸质病例报告表（临床神经病变评估[CNA]）用于研究医疗中心的患者、疾病和人口统计学信息（下肢功能[LLF]和神经病变损伤评分[NIS]）的钢笔输入，可传真至核心阅读和质量保证中心，在该中心，参与研究的医疗中心将对表格和数据进行电子和交互式评估，并在需要时进行更正，然后再以电子方式输入数据库。观察和结论1）该方法提供了一种标准的、可扫描的纸质病例报告表，用于在床边或办公室用笔输入神经病变症状、损伤和残疾情况，该报告表作为原始文件保留在参与的医疗中心，但传真可以即时传输，其数据可以编程、交互式评估、修改和存储，同时保持审计跟踪；2）该方法允许高效、准确地读取、传输、分析和存储多中心试验中使用的 15,000 多份表格的数据；3）在连续 500 次的 CNA 评估中，软件程序识别并促进了对遗漏、差异、疾病和研究不一致的交互式纠正，只引入了少数易于识别和纠正的输入错误；以及 4）与非程序评估相比，使用程序评估比双键输入数据更准确，速度快约五倍。
• Outpatient Lumbar Microdiscectomy: A Prospective Study in 122 Patients
  作者：Ashutosh Singhal、Mark Bernstein

  DOI：10.1017/s031716710000202x

  日期：2002.8

  Outpatient surgery saves the risk of nosocomial complications and health care dollars. Patients undergoing lumbar microsurgical discectomy are excellent candidates for outpatient surgery. The object of this study was to examine the feasibility of performing lumbar microdiscectomy on an outpatient protocol and to examine the potential savings associated with such a protocol.

  From February 1997 to September, 2001, 122 consecutive patients of the senior author were entered into a protocol of outpatient lumbar microdiscectomy. Only elective cases were considered for this study. Patients were excluded if they had significant co-morbidities, lived a significant distance out of town, or if their surgery was scheduled too late in the day. Success was defined as discharge home from the day-surgery unit approximately four hours after surgery.

  During the study period, 150 elective lumbar microdiscectomies were performed. Twenty-four patients were excluded based on the above criteria and four patients requested not to participate in the study. Of the remaining 122, 116 successfully completed the protocol (95.1%). Six patients were admitted from the day surgery unit; two patients with dural tears and four patients with anaesthetic side-effects. No patient was readmitted to hospital after discharge and no complications of early discharge were observed. There was a total reduction in hospitalization of 1.2 nights per elective procedure considering the 150 patients, when compared with the hospitalization times prior to outpatient lumbar microdiscectomy.

  Lumbar microdiscectomy can be performed safely as an outpatient procedure, resulting in a substantial reduction in hospitalization times.

  背景：门诊手术可节省鼻腔并发症的风险和医疗费用。接受腰椎显微椎间盘切除术的患者非常适合门诊手术。本研究的目的是探讨在门诊方案下实施腰椎显微椎间盘切除术的可行性，并研究这种方案可能节省的费用。方法：从 1997 年 2 月到 2001 年 9 月，资深作者连续为 122 名患者实施了门诊腰椎显微椎间盘切除术。本研究只考虑择期手术病例。如果患者有严重的并发症、居住地离市区较远或手术时间安排得太晚，则排除在外。成功的定义是手术后大约四小时从日间手术室出院回家。结果：在研究期间，共进行了150例择期腰椎显微切除术。根据上述标准，有24名患者被排除在外，4名患者要求不参加研究。在剩余的 122 名患者中，116 人成功完成了方案（95.1%）。六名患者从日间手术室入院，其中两名患者硬膜撕裂，四名患者出现麻醉副作用。没有患者在出院后再次入院，也没有发现提前出院的并发症。与门诊腰椎显微切除术前的住院时间相比，150 名患者的每次择期手术住院时间共减少了 1.2 晚。
• Kai, Masaaki; Miura, Tetsuro; Kohashi, Kazuya, Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, 1981, vol. 29, # 4, p. 1115 - 1120
  作者：Kai, Masaaki、Miura, Tetsuro、Kohashi, Kazuya、Ohkura, Yosuke

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• Insecticidal properties of some derivatives of L-canavanine
  作者：Gerald A. Rosenthal、D. L. Dahlman、Peter A. Crooks、Supinan Na Phuket、L. S. Trifonov

  DOI：10.1021/jf00058a034

  日期：1995.10

  The canavanine derivatives D-canavanine and L-homocanavanine as well as the 1-methyl and 1-ethyl esters of L-canavanine were synthesized and evaluated for biological activity in fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta [Sphingidae]. While L-homocanavanine did not increase intrinsic toxicity, it was as deleterious as L-canavanine. D-Canavanine was biologically active, as demonstrated by its ability to cause larval edema, but the D-enantiomer had little ability to elicit the larval growth inhibition and pupal deformity which are hallmarks of canavanine toxicosis and was postulated to be linked to aberrant protein production. The 1-methyl and 1-ethyl esters of L-canavanine were synthesized to determine if enhancing canavanine's hydrophobicity might increase its bioavailability. Our experiments revealed that these esters are less toxic than canavanine; the ethyl ester disrupted larval growth more than did the methyl analogue.