从自然界存在的生物体内分离、提取得到的有机化合物被称为天然产物,它们在动、植物体内通过生化作用和光合作用形成。例如,淀粉来源于植物的种子、茎及根块;蛋白质则主要来自肉类、乳品、蛋类以及谷物和豆类;许多药物如麻黄碱、薄荷脑、蛇胆等都源自相应生物体;而蓝色染料靛蓝与红色染料茜素分别从天然靛叶和茜草中提取;天然香料如麝香、茉莉、玫瑰等亦来自特定动、植物。
在大多数情况下,这些天然产物对产生它们的植物、昆虫或微生物而言似乎是不必需的,这与糖类、氨基酸、核酸及其多聚体等其他有机化合物显著不同。例如吗啡仅存在于少数几种植物中,如罂粟属的刚毛罂粟和虞美人以及头花千金藤;尽管人类使用它作为镇痛药,但其在这些植物中的功能仍不清楚。青霉素是由少数真菌产生的,而不会被其他生物产生。尽管它们作为抗菌药物用于治疗各种感染性疾病,在产生它们的微生物中却无明显用途。
海洋天然产物指的是从海洋生物中提取的一系列有机物质,包括脂肪族、芳香族、萜类、甾醇以及含氮、含硫等各种类型的化合物。海洋是一个蕴藏丰富药理活性天然产物的宝库,其中生活着地球上约80%的动植物和大约1500种细菌。例如,海藻在中国已有悠久的历史被用作食品和药物,《神农本草经》中就有记载“海藻疗瘿”、“牡蛎强骨节,杀邪气”。海藻富含各种独特结构的有机化合物,其代谢产物具有多种多样的生理活性,特别是以卤素为特征的萜类、脂肪族化合物、含硫和含氮类化合物以及甾醇类化合物等都表现出显著的抗菌及抗心血管疾病的作用。高分子多糖,如醇脂、褐藻胶和卡拉胶,也是由海藻中制得,在工业及医药上具有重要应用价值。
从海洋数千种有毒生物中提取出的强效生理活性成分(如河豚毒素)是大自然赐予人类的宝贵财富。研究发现,在海洋动物的提取物中约10%有抗P388淋巴细胞白血病和KB细胞的作用;而约3.5%的海洋植物提取物具有抗肿瘤或细胞毒性作用。美国研究人员在400多种海洋天然产物中,发现了100种具有生物、药理活性的化合物。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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(±)-驴食草酚 | Vestitol | 56701-24-7 | C16H16O4 |
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(±)-毒藜碱 | anabasine | 13078-04-1 | C10H14N2 |
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(Z,E,E)-5-羟基-1,7-二(4-羟基苯基)-1,4,6-庚三烯-3-酮 | bis-demethoxycurcumin | 52328-96-8 | C19H16O4 |
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(S)-柚皮素 | naringenin | 480-41-1 | C15H12O5 |
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(S)-7-羟基-5-甲氧基黄酮 | Alpinetin | 36052-37-6 | C16H14O4 |
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(S)-5-羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基黄烷酮 | 4′,7-di-O-methylnaringenin | 29424-96-2 | C17H16O5 |
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(R)-2-(3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-2H-1-苯并吡喃-3-基)-5-甲氧基苯酚 | (3R)-7-O-methylvestitol | 60102-29-6 | C17H18O4 |
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(R)-1,7-双-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-5-羟基庚烷 | Rubranol | 211126-61-3 | C19H24O5 |
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(E)-阿魏酸二十六烷基酯 | (E)-ferulic acid hexacosyl ester | 18594-58-6 | C36H62O4 |
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(E)-阿魏酸二十八酯 | octacosyl ferulate | 101959-37-9 | C38H66O4 |
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(E)-7-羟基-8-甲氧基-3-(4-甲氧基苯亚甲基)色满-4-酮 | 8-methoxybonducellin | 90996-27-3 | C18H16O5 |
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(E)-3-羟基-5-甲氧基二苯乙烯 | 3-methoxy-5-[(E)-2-phenylvinyl]phenol | 35302-70-6 | C15H14O2 |
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(E)-1,2-二甲氧基-4-(1-丙烯基)苯 | 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(E)-propenylbenzene | 6379-72-2 | C11H14O2 |
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(9Z,12Z,15Z)-N-苄基-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酰胺 | (9Z,12Z,15Z)-N-benzyloctadeca-9,12,15-trienamide | 883715-18-2 | C25H37NO |
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(9R,10S)-9,10-二氢-9-羟基-10-甲氧基-8,8-二甲基-2H,8H-苯并[1,2-B:3,4-B']二吡喃-2-酮 | (9R,10S)-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one | 23733-92-8 | C15H16O5 |
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(9R,10R)-9,10-二氢-9-羟基-10-甲氧基-8,8-二甲基-2H,8H-苯并[1,2-B:3,4-B']二吡喃-2-酮 | cis-4'-O-methylkhellactone | 20107-13-5 | C15H16O5 |
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(8As)-六氢吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮 | (S)-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | 3705-27-9 | C7H10N2O2 |
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(7S,8S,9R)-9-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)-6,7,8,9-四氢-4-甲氧基-7,8-双(甲氧基甲基)萘并[1,2-D]-1,3-二恶茂 | hypophyllanthin | 33676-00-5 | C24H30O7 |
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(6aS,11aS)-9-甲氧基-10-(3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-基)-6H-[1]苯并呋喃并[3,2-c]色烯-3,6a(11aH)-二醇 | cristacarpin | 74515-47-2 | C21H22O5 |
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(6a,11b,16a,17a)-6,9-二氟-11,17-二羟基-16-甲基-3-氧代雄甾-1,4-二烯-17-硫代羧酸 | 6α,9α-difluoro-11β,17α-dihydroxy-16α-methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17β-carbothioic acid | 80473-92-3 | C21H26F2O4S |
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(6R)-(+)-5,6-二氢-6-苯乙烯基-2-吡喃酮 | (R)-goniothalamin | 17303-67-2 | C13H12O2 |
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(5β,8α,9β,10α)-16,17-二羟基阿替烷-3-酮 | ent-16S,17-Dihydroxyatisan-3-one | 112523-91-8 | C20H32O3 |
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(5R)-反式-1,7-二苯基-5-羟基庚-6-烯-3-酮 | (5R)-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-(6E)-3-hept-6-enone | 93712-74-4 | C19H20O2 |
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(4S,5S)-(+)-吉马酮 4,5-环氧化物 | (4S,5S)-germacrone 4,5-epoxide | 92691-35-5 | C15H22O2 |
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(4ALPHA,11BETA,15BETA)-11,15-二羟基贝壳杉-16-烯-18-酸BETA-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 | [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1R,4S,5R,9R,10S,11S,13S,15R)-11,15-dihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylate | 60129-64-8 | C26H40O9 |
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(3beta,9beta,10alpha,17alpha)--9,13-二甲基-25,26-二去甲羽扇-5-烯-3-醇 | hancokinol | 132294-77-0 | C30H50O |
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(3beta,5alpha,24R)-麦角甾烷-3-醇 | campestanol | 474-60-2 | C28H50O |
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(3beta)-9,19-环羊毛甾-23-烯-3,25-二醇 | (1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-15-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol | 14599-48-5 | C30H50O2 |
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(3beta)-3-羟基羽扇-20(30)-烯-29-醛 | 3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-30-al | 64181-07-3 | C30H48O2 |
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(3beta)-3-羟基-1-氧代-齐墩果-12-烯-28-酸 | virgatic acid | 14356-51-5 | C30H46O4 |
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(3b,22E)-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3b-醇 3-乙酸酯 | ergosterol acetate | 2418-45-3 | C30H46O2 |
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(3S,8aS)-六氢-3-甲基吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮 | (3S,8aS)-3-methylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | 36357-32-1 | C8H12N2O2 |
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(3S,8aS)-3-(1H-吲哚-3-基甲基)-2,3,6,7,8,8a-六氢吡咯并[2,1-f]吡嗪-1,4-二酮 | brevianamide F | 38136-70-8 | C16H17N3O2 |
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(3R,8aS)-六氢-3-异丙基吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮 | (3R,8aS)-hexahydro-3-(1-methylethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | 27483-18-7 | C10H16N2O2 |
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(3R,8aS)-六氢-3-异丁基吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮 | (3R,8aS)-hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | 36238-67-2 | C11H18N2O2 |
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(3R,5R,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,17R)-17-[(1R)-1,2-二羟基乙基]-3,17-二羟基-10,13-二甲基-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16-十二氢-1H-环戊并[a]菲-11-酮 | β-cortolone | 667-66-3 | C21H34O5 |
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(3R,4S)-REL-4-乙酰基-3,4-二氢-3,6,8-三羟基-3-甲基-1(2H)-萘酮 | 4-(cis)-Acetyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyldihydronaphthalenone | 263368-92-9 | C13H14O5 |
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(3R,3aR,7S,8aS)-3,3a,4,7,8,8a-六氢-6-(2-羟基乙基)-3,7-二甲基-2H-环庚烯并[b]呋喃-2-酮 | diversifolide | 1093207-99-8 | C13H20O3 |
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(3E)-4-[(3R,4S)-3,4-二羟基-2,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-基]-3-丁烯-2-酮 | cis-3,4-Dihydroxy-beta-ionone | 875666-39-0 | C13H20O3 |
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(3BETA,24E)-3-羟基-9,19-环羊毛甾-24-烯-26-酸 | mangiferolic acid | 13878-92-7 | C30H48O3 |
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(3BETA)-3-[[6-去氧-3,4-O-(1-甲基亚乙基)-BETA-D-吡喃半乳糖基]氧基]乌苏-12-烯-27,28-二酸 | (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[[(3aS,4R,6R,7R,7aR)-7-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-4,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-6-yl]oxy]-1,2,6b,9,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a,6a-dicarboxylic acid | 182132-59-8 | C39H60O9 |
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(3ALPHA,20ALPHA,22ALPHA)-3,22-二羟基齐墩果-12-烯-29-酸 | triptocallic acid D | 201534-09-0 | C30H48O4 |
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(2alpha,3alpha)-2,3-二羟基乌苏-12-烯-28-酸 | pygenic acid A | 52213-27-1 | C30H48O4 |
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(2S,6S,6aR,9R,10aS,10bS)-2-(3-呋喃基)-6-(beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖基氧基)-1,4,6,6a,9,10,10a,10b-八氢-9-羟基-6a,10b-二甲基-4-氧代-2H-萘并[2,1-c]吡喃-7-羧酸甲酯 | (2R,5R,6S,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-epoxy-2-hydroxy-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,7,13(16),14-tetraen-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester | 1221178-16-0 | C27H34O12 |
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(2S,5E)-5-甲基-9-亚甲基-2-异丙基-5-环癸烯-1-酮 | Preisocalamendiol | 25645-19-6 | C15H24O |
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(2S,4R,6E,8S)-8-[(2S,2'R,4'S,5R,5'R,7S,7'R,9R,10R,10'R)-2'-[(2S,3S,5R,6R)-6-羟基-6-(羟甲基)-3,5-二甲基四氢-2H-吡喃-2-基]-9-{[(2R,5S,6R)-5-甲氧基-6-甲基四氢-2H-吡喃-2-基]氧代}-2,4',10,10'-四甲基-2,7'-联(1,6-二氧杂螺[4.5]d | Sophoraflavanone G | 97938-30-2 | C25H28O6 |
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(2S,3S,4E)-3,5-双(4-羟基苯基)-4-戊烯-1,2-二醇 | agatharesinol | 7288-11-1 | C17H18O4 |
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(2S,3S)-2-(3,4-二甲氧苯基)-7-甲氧基-3-甲基-5-[(1E)-丙-1-烯-1-基]-2,3-二氢-1-苯并呋喃 | rac-(2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1E)-1-propen-1-yl-benzofuran | 6544-71-4 | C21H24O4 |
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(2S,3S)-2,3-二氢-3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-(羟基甲基)-1,4-苯并二恶烷-6-丙醇 | (7S,8S)-3-methoxy-3',7-epoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-4,9,9'-triol | 144881-21-0 | C19H22O6 |
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(2S,3S)-(-)-蚊母树苷 | Taxifolin-3-glucopyranoside | 129212-92-6 | C21H22O12 |
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