The carcinogenic form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons results from their oxidation by the mixed-function oxidase system to diol-epoxide derivatives. These compounds contain highly reactive "bay regions" that probably bind covalently to DNA. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/
Metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) consists of an oxidation of the rings of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ... & oxidation of the alkyl group of alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ... . These oxidations are carried out by "mixed function" oxidases of the liver, which contain cytochromes p450 and p448, and require reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide and oxygen. In this oxidation, an epoxide intermediate is formed which has been shown to have the requisite chemical reactivity to form covalent complexes with DNA and histones and to serve as the ultimate carcinogenic form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Potent carcinogenic methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ... appears to be metabolically activated by oxidation to an hydroxymethyl compound by microsomal metabolism. Another type of metabolic activation of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is the formation of carbonium ions, which appear to bind with DNA, & which have moderate carcinogenic activity. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon may also be converted to radical cations capable of DNA complexing ... . Thus at present it appears that metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon can involve the formation of epoxides, free radicals, & for alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carbonium ions. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/
The metabolism by rat liver 9000x g supernatant of benzo(b)fluoranthene was investigated. The major metabolites were identified by comparison to synthetic samples as 5- and 6-hydroxybenzo(b)fluoranthene. The principal dihydrodiol metabolite formed under these conditions was trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxybenzo(b)fluoranthene, which was identified by comparison to the synthetic compound. 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzo(b)fluoranthene was identified by its mass spectrum. No evidence was obtained for the formation of 7b,8-dihydro-7b,8-dihydroxybenzo(b)fluoranthene or trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(b)fluoranthene.
PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (L10)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
毒性总结
识别和使用:苯并(b)荧蒽(B(b)F)是一种固体。B(b)F是工业上用作电极粘合剂的煤焦油沥青的一个组成部分。它也是用于木材防腐的杂酚油的一个组成部分。B(b)F作为研究化学物质有一定的用途。多环芳烃是一组在煤炭、石油、天然气、木材、垃圾或其他有机物质,如烟草和烧烤肉类的不完全燃烧过程中形成的化学物质。人类暴露和毒性:急性毒性很少报道。通过皮肤和肺部吸收高风险多环芳烃(PAHs)会导致皮肤和肺癌发病率的增加。焦炉排放物是由煤和焦炭材料组成的复杂混合物,包括多环芳烃,对暴露工人的流行病学研究表明,肺癌和尿路癌症的发病率增加。煤烟、焦油和杂酚油含有包括PAHs在内的多种副产品 and 污染物,流行病学研究显示皮肤、肺、膀胱和胃肠癌的发病率增加。B(b)F被合理地预期为人类致癌物。动物研究:苯并(b)荧蒽通过肺植入、腹膜内注射、皮下注射和皮肤涂敷使小鼠产生肿瘤。苯并[b]荧蒽的皮肤应用导致皮肤肿瘤,而苯并[b]荧蒽的皮下注射导致注射部位(肉瘤)的癌症。苯并[b]荧蒽通过肺内植入导致雌性大鼠肺癌(癌)。苯并[b]荧蒽的腹膜内注射导致雄性小鼠(一种自发肺癌发病率高的品系)良性肺肿瘤(腺瘤)和新生雄性小鼠的良性或恶性肝肿瘤(肝细胞腺瘤或癌)。母体B[b]F暴露干扰了F1后代的正常精子功能。苯并(b)荧蒽在浓度为100微克/平板的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA100株和7纳米摩尔/平板的TA98株(带有一个外源代谢系统)具有致突变性。苯并(b)荧蒽在给予两次450毫克/千克体重的腹膜内剂量后,在中国仓鼠骨髓细胞中显示姐妹染色单体交换。生态毒性研究:原油中最有毒的PAHs可以在胶状浮游动物中生物累积,并可能沿着食物网传递并污染顶级捕食者。长期暴露于沉积物结合的PAHs可能会在海洋鱼类鳃上引起病变。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F) is a solid. B(b)F is a component of coal tar pitch used in industry as a binder for electrodes. It is also a component of creosote, which is used to preserve wood. B(b)F has some use as a research chemical. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute toxicity is rarely reported. Exposure to high-risk polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by skin and lung absorption results in increased incidences of skin and lung cancer. Coke oven emissions are complex mixtures of coal and coke material that include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, an epidemiological study of exposed workers indicated increased incidences of lung and urinary tract cancer. Soots, tars, and creosote contain a variety of by-products and contaminants that include PAHs, an epidemiological study demonstrates increased incidences of skin, lung, bladder and gastrointestinal cancer. B(b)F is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: Benzo(b)fluoranthene produced tumors in mice after lung implantation, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous injection, and skin painting. Dermal application of benzo[b]fluoranthene caused skin tumors, and subcutaneous injection of benzo[b]fluoranthene caused cancer at the injection site (sarcoma). Benzo[b]fluoranthene caused lung cancer (carcinoma) in female rats exposed by intrapulmonary implantation. Intraperitoneal injection of benzo[b]fluoranthene caused benign lung tumors (adenoma) in male mice (a strain with a high spontaneous incidence of lung cancer) and benign or malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in newborn male mice. Maternal B[b]F exposure disturbed normal sperm function in F1 offspring. Benzo(b)fluoranthene was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium at a concentration of 100 ug/plate in strain TA100 and at 7 nmole/plate in strain TA98 with an exogenous metabolic system. Benzo(b)fluoranthene showed sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells following two doses of 450 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Some of the most toxic PAHs of crude oil can be bioaccumulated in gelatinous zooplankton and potentially be transferred up the food web and contaminate apex predators. Chronic exposures to sediment-bound PAHs may induce lesions in gills in marine fish.
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[b]fluoranthene produced tumors in mice after lung implantation, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and skin painting.HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.
No data are available in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
It has been observed that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) are highly soluble in adipose tissue and lipids. Most of the PNAs taken in by mammals are oxidized & the metabolites excreted. Effects of that portion remaining in the body at low levels have not been documented. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/
A study of chemical carcinogenesis. 109. Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with ceric ammonium sulfate: preparation of quinones and lactones
Synthesis of cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons utilizing aryl-substituted anilines
作者:Yeojin Choi、Tanmay Chatterjee、Jun Kim、Jun Soo Kim、Eun Jin Cho
DOI:10.1039/c6ob01235c
日期:——
Cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CP-PAHs), potentially electronically and biologically highly active materials, were synthesized from readily available 2-aryl-substituted anilines. Reactions occur under extremely mild, room temperature conditions using tBuONO as the sole reagent. The use of a nitrite source generates a reactive diazonium intermediate in situ that then reacts with
A novel and practical synthesis of polycyclic fluoranthenes
作者:Bongsup P. Cho
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00314-3
日期:1995.4
A novel and general preparation of polycyclic fluoranthenes is described. The synthesis involves a Michael addition of silyl enol ethers to dibenzofulvene followed by cyclization and aromatization.
Gold-Catalyzed Cyclizations of<i>cis</i>-Enediynes: Insights into the Nature of Gold-Aryne Interactions
作者:Youliang Wang、Akop Yepremyan、Subir Ghorai、Robert Todd、Donald H. Aue、Liming Zhang
DOI:10.1002/anie.201301057
日期:2013.7.22
Golden aryne? Gold aryne complexes are inferred as transition states in dualgold‐catalyzed cyclizations of cis‐enediynes (see scheme; DCE=1,2‐dichloroethane). They are better described as ortho‐aurophenyl cations, which react with weak nucleophiles and undergo facile intramolecular insertions into C(sp3)H bonds. Indanes, fused heteroarenes, and phenol derivatives are readily prepared using this method
金亚宁?金芳炔配合物被推断为双金催化的顺式烯二炔环化中的过渡态(参见方案;DCE=1,2-二氯乙烷)。它们被更好地描述为邻-金苯基阳离子,它与弱亲核试剂反应并进行分子内插入 C(sp 3 ) H 键。使用这种方法很容易制备茚满、稠合杂芳烃和苯酚衍生物。
Emission Factors and Importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM<sub>10</sub> from the Domestic Burning of Coal and Wood in the U.K.
作者:Robert G. M. Lee、Peter Coleman、Joanne L. Jones、Kevin C. Jones、Rainer Lohmann
DOI:10.1021/es048745i
日期:2005.3.1
fuels. However, their combined emissions from the domestic burning of coal and wood would contribute only a few percent to annual U.K.emission estimates. Emissions of PAHs and PM10 were major contributors to U.K. national emission inventories. Major emissions were found from the domestic burning for Cl1,2,3DFs, while the contribution of PCDD/F-sigmaTEQ to total U.K.emissions was minor.
本文介绍了当煤和木材经过受控燃烧实验时针对一系列持久性有机污染物(POPs)得出的排放因子(EFs),旨在模拟空间供暖的家庭燃烧。排放了各种各样的持久性有机污染物,煤炭的排放量高于木材的排放量。对于颗粒物,PM10(大约10 g / kg燃料)和多环芳烃(对于sigmaPAHs大约100 mg / kg燃料)获得了最高的EF。对于氯化物,多氯联苯(PCB)的EF最高,而多氯萘(PCN),二苯并-对-二恶英(PCDD)和二苯并呋喃(PCDF)的丰度较低。对于sigmaPCB,EF大约为1000 ng / kg燃料,对于sigmaPCNs大约为100s ng / kg燃料,对于sigmaPCDD / Fs大约为100 ng / kg燃料。该研究证实,一氯化至三氯化二苯并呋喃Cl1,2,3DFs是低温燃烧过程(如煤炭和木材的国内燃烧)的有力指标。结论是,在固体燃料燃烧期间通常形成许多PCB和PC
Extended Study of Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic [4 + 2] Benzannulation: Synthesis of Polycyclic (Hetero)Aromatics
作者:Tanmay Chatterjee、Da Seul Lee、Eun Jin Cho
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.7b00413
日期:2017.4.21
extended study of [4 + 2] benzannulation reactions of 2-(hetero)aryl-substituted anilines with alkynes by visible light photocatalysis. The method requires the use of tBuONO as a diazotizing agent and 0.3 mol % of fac-Ir(ppy)3 as a photocatalyst at room temperature. The reaction proceeded in a chemo- and regioselective manner with high functionalgroup tolerance under mild conditions allowing the preparation