Structure–Activity Relationships and Blood Distribution of Antiplasmodial Aminopeptidase-1 Inhibitors
摘要:
Malaria is a severe infectious disease that causes between 655 000 and 1.2 million deaths annually. To overcome the resistance to current drugs, new biological targets are needed for drug development. Aminopeptidase M1 (PfAM1), a zinc metalloprotease, has been proposed as a new drug target to fight malaria. Herein, we disclosed the structure-activity relationships of a selective family of hydroxamate PfAM1 inhibitors based on the malonic template. In particular, we performed a "fluoro-scanning" around hit 1 that enlightened the key positions of the halogen for activity. The docking of the best inhibitor 2 is consistent with in vitro results. The stability of 2 was evaluated in microsomes, in plasma, and toward glutathione. The in vivo distribution study performed with the nanomolar hydroxamate inhibitor 2 (BDM14471) revealed that it reaches its site of action. However, it fails to kill the parasite at concentrations relevant to the enzymatic inhibitory potency, suggesting that killing the parasite remains a challenge for potent and druglike catalytic-site binding PfAM1 inhibitors. In all, this study provides important insights for the design of inhibitors of PfAM1 and the validity of this target.
Synthesis of polysubstituted 1,3-cyclohexadienes from ?-branched ?,?-alkenals and monoesters of ylidenemalonic acids
作者:A. G. Nigmatov、I. N. Kornilova、E. P. Serebryakov
DOI:10.1007/bf01433750
日期:1996.1
configurations of which were determined by means of1H NMR spectroscopy. In some cases the formation of cyclic dienes is impeded by the competing process of decarboxylation of acidic ylidenemalonates. The derivatives of 4,6-diphenyl-1,3-cyclohexadienecarboxylic acid were shown to be convenient precursors for the preparation ofmeta-terphenyls.
Steric and electronic requirements of amide and ester groups in benzylidenemalonates
作者:John M. Brown、Patrick J. Guiry、J. Christopher、P. Laing、Michael B. Hursthouse、K.M. Abdul Malik
DOI:10.1016/0040-4020(95)00368-i
日期:1995.7
isolated stereoisomerically pure and is the only product of other synthetic routes. The configuration of benzylidinemalonates was established in two cases by X-ray crystallography, and the relative stability of the isomeric forms correctly simulated by MM2 calculations. In both the amide and oxazolidinone series, asymmetric hydrogenation catalysed by cationic Rh complexes gave a configurationally stable
A process for the synthesis of β-ketoesters using in-situ generated (trimethylsilyl)malonates
作者:Xui Wang、William T. Monte、James J. Napier、Ameen Ghannam
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78532-7
日期:1994.12
(TMS)ethylmalonate can be generated in-situ by treating potassium ethylmalonate with trimethylsilyl chloride and acylated with aliphatic or aromatic acyl imidazoles or chlorides in the presence of DBU to prepare a variety of β-ketoesters. This constitutes a high yield method for preparing β-ketoesters, which also can be extended to the formation of alkylidene malonates.
An effective Cu-catalyzed selective formal carboxylation of C-F bonds with an atmospheric pressure of CO2 is reported. A variety of gem-difluoroalkenes, gem-difluorodienes, and alpha-trifluoro-methyl alkenes show high reactivity and selectivity for this ipso monocarboxylation. Under mild conditions, diverse important alpha-fluoroacrylic acids and alpha,alpha-difluorocarboxylates are obtained in good-to-high yields. Moreover, this operationally simple protocol features good functional group tolerance, is readily scalable, and the resulting products are readily converted into bioactive alpha-fluorinated carbonyl compounds, indicating potential application in biochemistry and drug discovery. Mechanistic studies reveal that fluorinated boronate esters might be vital intermediates in this transformation.
Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolyses of E/Z-diastereotopic and E/Z-diastereomeric esters. Effect on selectivity by reaction media
作者:Tanja Schirmeister、Hans Hartwig Otto
DOI:10.1021/jo00070a015
日期:1993.8
PLE-catalyzed hydrolyses of different types of E/Z-diastereotopic diesters and E/Z-diastereomeric monoesters have been studied. Arylidenepropanedioic diesters are specifically hydrolyzed to the Z-half esters, whereas the de values for dialkylated methylene propanedioic diesters range between 33 and 79% (Z). D values for the hydrolyses of the 3-methyleneazetidin-2-ones in detergent-buffer systems depend on the size of the substituent in the alpha-position. Diastereoselectivity of these substrates is affected by addition of the cosolvents acetonitrile and methanol.