...The release of cyanide from succinonitrile in rats and rabbits in vivo and in vitro /was investigated/. In the in vivo studies, male rabbits weighing 2-3 kg and male rats weighing 400-450 g were administered succinonitrile in iv doses of 25-40 mg/kg and 25-50 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of cyanide and thiocyanate were determined in samples of urine from rabbits and rats. The total number of rats that were studied was not mentioned. In the in vitro studies, levels of cyanide and thiocyanate were determined in liver slices and homogenates of rat or rabbit liver or with isolated mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble fractions. Samples (0.1-2.0 mL) of filtered 24 hr urine output were collected form groups of two rats and from each rabbit pre- and post-administration with succinonitrile to determine thiocyanate concentrations. In another study, rats were pretreated with 2 mL/kg of carbon tetrachloride sc 48 hr prior to succinonitrile administration. Filtered urine samples were collected, and cyanide concentrations were determined colorimetrically. ...A sixfold increase in urinary thiocyanate following iv-injected doses of 25 mg/kg of succinonitrile /was found/ compared with the controls. Forty-eight to 120 hours postadministration of succinonitrile, thiocyanate levels approached control values. Pretreatment of rats by sc injection of 2 mL/kg carbon tetrachloride inhibited urinary thiocyanate excretion. Urinary excretion of cyanide increased over fivefold 48 hours posttreatment with succinonitrile. The values at 72-120 hours posttreatment approached normal values. ...Rat and rabbit liver slices catalyzed the release of cyanide from succinonitrile. However, 0.1-2.0 mg/g of Triton-X-100 strongly inhibited cyanide release from succinonitrile in rat liver slices. Liver slices of rats pretreated with carbon tetrachloride did not release detectable amounts of cyanide for succinonitrile. .../It was/ concluded that rabbits and rats converted about 60% of the administered succinonitrile to cyanide, which was excreted as thiocyanate. The release of cyanide was inhibited by carbon tetrachloride and Triton-X-100. The authors also postulated that disruption of the liver cells, as by centrifugation to separate their contents, depressed or eliminated their ability to liberate cyanide ions or to form thiocyanate. The authors proposed that cellular membranes contain enzymes or enzyme complexes that are responsible for the conversion of succinonitrile to cyanide, which is excreted as thiocyanate. However, following homogenization, these enzyme or enzyme complexes may be destroyed or damaged by homogenization.
/One study/ ...concluded that succinonitrile was either excreted unmetabolized or was metabolized to cyanide and excreted as thiocyanate in mice within 24 hours posttreatment. The authors postulated that the high percentage of metabolites excreted in 24 hr urine samples may be due to the presence of two reactive centres in the succinonitrile molecule, resulting in the formation of two intermediate metabolites, diethylene cyanohydrin and cyanoacetic acid.
The liberation of cyanide from succinonitrile has been studied to obtain information on the cellular systems responsible for the release of this metabolite. sing isolated endoplasmic reticulum preparations a complex between succinonitrile and cyt. P450 has been detected. This finding together with the inhibition of cyanide liberation by SKF-525A in liver slices indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the early stages of succinonitrile metabolism. The decreased metabolism of succinonitrile which was observed after addition of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation indicates that an energy-dependent mitochondrial step might be involved in the subsequent steps. ...Cyanide liberation from succinonitrile is a multistep process in which the mitochondrial membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum are involved.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过摄入和吸入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion and by inhalation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
...The excretion of succinonitrile and its metabolites in urine and feces of mice, following a single injection of succinonitrile /was reported/. The cumulative excretion of succinonitrile and metabolites in urine and feces measured 60% by 24 hours and 83% by 72 hours. In the first multiple-dose experiment in which mice received three doses of unlabeled succinonitrile and one dose of radioactive succinonitrile, 52% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine in 24 hours. In the second multiple-dose experiment, in which mice received four doses of radioactive succinonitrile, 50% of the radioactivity was excreted in each 24 hr period.
...The fate of 14C-labeled succinonitrile in male mice /was investigated/. ...A mean of 53% of the total succinonitrile injected ip in each animal in single and multiple dose studies was eliminated in the first 24 hours post-treatment and 88% of this eliminated succinonitrile was excreted as metabolites. In a single dose study, 7% of the 14C-labeled succinonitrile was excreted as thiocyanate and 36% as intermediate metabolites in 24 hours. In the multiple dose study, 18% thiocyanate and 24% intermediate metabolites were excreted.
The amidocarbonylation of olefin and aldehyde substrates has been applied to the synthesis of a variety of amidocarboxylic acids, including surface active agents (e.g. C-14-C-16 N-acyl-alpha-amino acids), specialty surfactants (such as the sarcosinates), intermediates for sweeteners (e.g. aspartame), food additives (e.g. glutamic acid), and certain chelating agents. Homogeneous cobalt and rhodium-based catalysts, modified, for example, with sulfoxide and bidentate phosphine ligands, have been tailored to the synthesis of each individual class of product. Process studies, including examinations of reaction rate, product selectivity, as well as catalyst stability, have been undertaken for N-acetylglycine and amido acid surfactant syntheses.
HCl·DMPU-assisted one-pot and metal-free conversion of aldehydes to nitriles
作者:Sagar R. Mudshinge、Chinmay S. Potnis、Bo Xu、Gerald B. Hammond
DOI:10.1039/d0gc00757a
日期:——
HCl·DMPU assisted one-pot conversion of aldehydes into nitriles. The use of HCl·DMPU as both an acidic source as well as a non-nucleophilic base constitutes an environmentally mild alternative for the preparation of nitriles. Our protocol proceeds smoothly without the use of toxic reagents and metal catalysts. Diverse functionalized aromatic, aliphatic and allylic aldehydes incorporating various functional
Exploring the Synthetic Applicability of a Cyanobacterium Nitrilase as Catalyst for Nitrile Hydrolysis
作者:Chandrani Mukherjee、Dunming Zhu、Edward R. Biehl、Ling Hua
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.200600699
日期:2006.12
specificity and syntheticapplicability of the nitrilase from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 have been examined. This nitrilase catalyzed the hydrolysis of both aromatic and aliphatic nitriles to the corresponding acids in high yields. Furthermore, the stereoselective hydrolysis of phenyl-substituted β-hydroxy nitriles to (S)-enriched β-hydroxy carboxylic acids and selective hydrolysis of α
aromatic nitriles can be prepared in this manner with moderate to excellent yields. The reaction mechanisms were obtained with high-level quantum chemical calculations, and the crucial role the anionic ligand plays in the transformations were revealed.