2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol is a clear colorless viscous liquid with a pungent offensive odor of mercaptans. Used as a medicine and an antidote to the chemical warfare agent LEWISITE.
颜色/状态:
Viscous oily liquid
气味:
Pungent offensive odor of mercaptans
蒸汽密度:
4.3 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力:
4.36X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
折光率:
Index of refraction: 1.5720 at 25 °C/D
解离常数:
pKa1 = 8.62; pKa2 = 10.57 at 25 °C
稳定性/保质期:
Stable and combustible, it is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and many metals.
计算性质
辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
0.2
重原子数:
6
可旋转键数:
2
环数:
0.0
sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
1.0
拓扑面积:
22.2
氢给体数:
3
氢受体数:
3
ADMET
代谢
代谢降解和排泄在4小时内基本完成。
... Metabolic degradation and excretion are essentially complete within 4 hours.
IDENTIFICATION: Dimercaprol is a therapeutic compound developed as an antidote against the vesicant arsenic was gases such as Lewisite. It is clear to slightly yellow liquid with a pungent odor of mercaptan. It is slightly soluble in water and vegetable oils. Arachis or peanut oil is used in pharmaceutical preparations. It is miscible in alcohol, benzyl benzoate, ether, methyl alcogol and other solvents. Dimercaprol is useful in the treatment of arsenic (organic and inorganic), gold and inorganic mercury poisoning. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The main risks are hypertension, tachycardia, cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, excitation, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Special care should be taken in case of oliguria, hypertension and impaired hepatic function when the antidote is administered. The target organs are the kidneys, the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. The clinical effects are nausea, vomiting, headache, burning sensation of the lips, throat, mouth and eyes; lacrimation and salivation; sweating, rhinorrhea and burning sensation of the penis; a feeling of constriction or pain in the throat or chest, muscle pains and spasms and tingling of the skin of the hands; abdominal pain, anxiety, nervousness and weakness, uticaria and hyperpyrexia. Pain and sterile abscesses can result. Irritation of the skin and mucous membranes can be observed after local contact. This drug should always be administered as soon as possible by deep IM injection and never by IV or SC routes. Dimercaprol is well tolerated in children. The drug cannot be used in poisonings due to iron, cadmium, tellurium, selenium, vanadium and uranium. It is contraindicated in poisonings due to elemental mercury vapor, because it can further increase the metal in the brain. This drug should not be administered in case of renal and hepatic insufficiency and patients with hypertension. Dermal absorption is possible. Peak concentrations in the blood are obtained 30-60 min after IM injection. Dimercaprol is a lipophilic drug, it penetrates rapidly in intracellular spaces. The highest concentrations are found in the liver, kidneys, brain and small intestine. Glucuronic acid conjugates are excreted by the kidneys. Iron therapy should be given 24 hr or more after the last dose of dimercaprol. It should not be administered at the same time. Breath may smell like odor of a mercaptan. Hemolytic anemia was reported in individuals with G6PD deficiency. In children, dimercaprol may induce a transient reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: In animal studies, the biological half life was short and metabolic degradation and renal excretion is complete within 6-24 hr. In animals a lethal dose of dithiols causes convulsions and severe spasm of the abdominal muscles shortly before death occurs. After injection of sublethal amounts of dimercaprol, the animals become apathetic and develop lacrimation, edema of the conjunctiva, blepharospasms, salivation and vomiting. With increasing doses they develop ataxia, analgesia, muscle tremor, nystagmus, tonic and clonic convulsions and death results during coma. In cats following an IV injection cardiovascular depression as indicated by a fall in systemic and pulmonary artery pressure. After repeated local applications in animals, sensitization dermatitis may develop. Chronic effects in animals include fatty degeneration of the liver and impairment of liver function. In animals, chronic parenteral administration increases white blood cell count by 30%. This drug induced malformations of the skeletal system, growth retardation and increased embryo lethality.
In clinical trials conducted in children with Wilson disease, serum aminotransferase levels generally improved or were stable during treatment with dimercaprol. There have been no clinical reports of acute liver injury with jaundice attributed to dimercaprol. Patients with Wilson disease typically have mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and may have signs and symptoms of cirrhosis. Improvement in liver injury in Wilson disease typically requires months to years of treatment. The apparent lack of hepatotoxicity of dimercaprol may be due to the infrequency of its use, the typically short courses of therapy and the prominence of other side effects that limit its more prolonged administration.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Drug Class: Chelating Agents, Wilson Disease Agents
Other Drugs in the Subclass, Wilson Disease: Penicillamine, Trientine, Zinc
Because it is a lipophilic drug, dimercaprol penetrates rapidly the intracellular spaces. The highest concentrations are found in the liver, kidneys, brain and small intestine. Due to its lipophilic characteristic, the complexes formed with mercury and other metals may be redistributed into sensitive cells in the brain following dimercaprol treatment.
It is readily absorbed through the skin after topical application. Percutaneous absorption in rats and humans equals 3 millimol (124 mg)/sq cm per hour.
Following absorption, dimercaprol is distributed to all tissues (mainly in the intracellular space) including the brain, with highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989