Ytterbium triflate catalyzed Michael additions of β-ketoesters in water
作者:Erik Keller、Ben L. Feringa
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(96)00141-4
日期:1996.3
Michaeladdition of various β-ketoesters towards enones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes resulted in a quantitative conversion to the corresponding 1,4-adducts by performing the reactions in water in the presence of ytterbiumtriflate as a water-tolerant Lewis acid.
Development of Solvent-Driven Iron-Catalyzed Reactions
作者:Toshiyuki Itoh
DOI:10.3987/rev-16-842
日期:——
The possibility of solvent-driven iron-catalyzed reactions has been investigated using ionic liquids and acetonitrile as key solvents. Three iron-catalyzed reactions, the intramolecular cyclization of cyclopropane dithioacetals, the [2+2]-cycloaddition of (trans)-anethole, and the [2+3]-type cycloaddition of styrene derivatives with 1,4-benzoquinone, were first developed using acetonitrile as solvent in the presence of 3 similar to 5 mol% of Fe(ClO4)(3)center dot Al2O3 or Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O under air conditions. In particular, we found the rapid cycloaddition of iron-catalyzed [2+3]-type cycloaddition of styrene derivatives with 1,4-benzoquinone when the reaction was carried out in an ionic liquid which contained [PF6] or [Tf2N] anion. Homo-coupling reaction of aryl or alkynyl Grignard reagent was next discovered using 1 mol% of FeCl3 as catalyst and the reaction also proceeded very rapidly in an ionic liquid. We also found that 3-5 mol% of Fe(ClO4)(2)center dot Al2O3 or Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O-successfully catalyzed Friedel-Crafts type alkylation of indoles or pyrroles with vinyl ketones or alpha-aryl-beta-silylalcohol. In particular, the reaction of chiral alpha-aryl-beta-silylalcohol with indole using Fe(ClO4)(3)center dot nH(2)O as catalyst proceeded with retention of the configuration of stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group. Then, we discovered the first example of iron-catalyzed enantioselective C-S bond formation via Michael addition of thiols to (E)-3-crotonoyloxazolidin-2-one using 10 mol% of Fe(BF4)(2)/Pybox. We further demonstrated that Fe(ClO4)(3)center dot Al2O3-catalyzed the Nazarov type cyclizations of thiophene, pyrrole, indole, benzofuran, and benzo[b]thiophene derivatives using ionic liquids as solvent. Solvents have been recognized as a by-player in chemical reactions in the process of "optimization of reaction conditions". However, further investigation of the solvent-driven iron-catalyzed reaction will allow discovery of useful reactions for organic syntheses.
New low-valent titanium reagents for dicarbonyl coupling and their use in a general method of annulation
作者:Derrick L. J. Clive、Chengzhi Zhang、K. S. Keshava Murthy、William D. Hayward、Sylvain Daigneault
DOI:10.1021/jo00022a042
日期:1991.10
New low-valent titanium reagents have been prepared by reducing TiCl3 (1 mol) with C8K (2 mol) or by reducing TiCl4 (1 mol) with Na-naphthalene (2.75 mol). Ketones carrying a chain that incorporates a suitably placed oxo function (aldehyde or ketone) undergo intramolecular dicarbonyl coupling to produce a bicyclic compound when treated with an excess (16-17 mol of titanium halide per mol of dicarbonyl compound) of one of these reagents. The procedure works well even for highly oxygenated substrates and constitutes a general method of annulation. Other reducing agents besides C8K or Na-naphthalene are suitable, and a brief examination of Na(Hg) and Na-K alloy was made. The C8K/TiCl3 system was also used to convert a cis-1,2-diol into the corresponding olefin.