cyclo[DL-Abu-Sar-N(Me)Leu-Val-N(Me)Leu-Ala-D-Ala-N(Me)Leu-N(Me)Leu-N(Me)Val-N(Me)Bmt(E)] | 59865-13-3

• 物质功能分类: 生物化工 - 抑制剂 - 免疫抑制剂
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 肽模拟物
• 英文名称: cyclo[DL-Abu-Sar-N(Me)Leu-Val-N(Me)Leu-Ala-D-Ala-N(Me)Leu-N(Me)Leu-N(Me)Val-N(Me)Bmt(E)]
• 英文别名: (3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,33S)-30-ethyl-33-[(E,1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-2-methylhex-4-enyl]-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-6,9,18,24-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-3,21-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone
• CAS: 59865-13-3
• 化学式: C₆₂H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₂
• 分子量: 1202.6
• InChiKey: PMATZTZNYRCHOR-HOCHJBIYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  148-151°C
• 比旋光度：
  D20 -244° (c = 0.6 in chloroform); D20 -189° (c = 0.5 in methanol)
• 沸点：
  838.63°C (rough estimate)
• 密度：
  0.9913 (rough estimate)
• 闪点：
  87℃
• 溶解度：
  乙醇：30 mg/mL
• 物理描述：
  Cyclosporin a appears as white prismatic needles (from acetone) or white powder. (NTP, 1992)
• 颜色/状态：
  Forms white prismatic crystals from acetone
• 旋光度：
  Optical rotation: -244 degrees @ 20 °C (c = 0.6 in chloroform), - 189 degrees @ 20 °C (c = 0.5 in methanol)
• 分解：
  When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  7.5
• 重原子数：
  85
• 可旋转键数：
  15
• 环数：
  1.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.79
• 拓扑面积：
  279
• 氢给体数：
  5
• 氢受体数：
  12

ADMET

代谢

环孢素在肝脏中通过细胞色素P450 3A（CYP3A）酶系统进行广泛代谢，在一定程度上也会通过胃肠道和肾脏代谢。在人的胆汁、粪便、血液和尿液中已经鉴定出至少25种代谢物。尽管环孢素的环状肽结构对代谢相对抵抗，但侧链被广泛代谢。所有的代谢物与母药相比，生物活性和毒性都降低了。

Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome-P450 3A (CYP3A) enzyme system & to a lesser degree by the GI tract & kidneys. At least 25 metabolites have been identified in human bile, feces, blood, & urine. Although the cyclic peptide structure of cyclosporine is relatively resistant to metab, the side chains are extensively metabolized. All of the metabolites have both reduced biological activity & toxicity compared to the parent drug.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

环孢菌素A：已知是一种人类致癌物。

Cyclosporin A: known to be a human carcinogen.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

国际癌症研究机构致癌物：环孢素

IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Cyclosporine

来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

国际癌症研究机构（IARC）致癌物分类：1类：对人类致癌

IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

国际癌症研究机构专论集：第50卷：（1990年）药物

IARC Monographs:Volume 50: (1990) Pharmaceutical Drugs

来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

毒理性

• 相互作用

环孢素与许多常用药物有相互作用，必须密切关注药物间相互作用。任何影响微体酶的药物，尤其是CYP3A系统的药物，可能会影响环孢素的血药浓度。抑制这种酶的药物可以减少环孢素的代谢并增加血药浓度。这些包括钙通道阻滞剂（例如，维拉帕米、尼卡地平）、抗真菌药（例如，氟康唑、酮康唑）、抗生素（例如，红霉素）、糖皮质激素（例如，甲基强的松龙）、HIV蛋白酶抑制剂（例如，印地那韦）以及其他药物（例如，别嘌醇和美托洛尔）。此外，葡萄柚和葡萄柚汁会阻断CYP3A系统并增加环孢素的血药浓度，因此接受该药物的患者应避免食用。相比之下，诱导CYP3A活性的药物可以增加环孢素的代谢并降低血药浓度。可以通过这种方式降低环孢素浓度的药物包括抗生素（例如，萘夫西林和利福平）、抗惊厥药（例如，苯巴比妥、苯妥英）以及其他药物（例如，奥曲肽、替格瑞洛）。通常，当使用此类组合时，需要密切监测环孢素的血药水平和其他药物的水平。环孢素与西罗莫司之间的相互作用导致建议两种药物的给药时间应分开。西罗莫司加重环孢素引起的肾功能障碍，而环孢素增加西罗莫司引起的高脂血症和骨髓抑制。其他值得关注的环孢素药物相互作用包括与非甾体抗炎药和其他引起肾功能障碍的药物联合使用时产生的肾毒性叠加；当两种药物联合使用时，甲氨蝶呤水平的升高；以及包括泼尼松龙、地高辛和洛伐他汀在内的其他药物的清除率降低。

Cyclosporine interacts with a wide variety of commonly used drugs, & close attention must be paid to drug interactions. Any drug that affects microsomal enzymes, especially the CYP3A system, may affect cyclosporine blood concns. Substances that inhibit this enzyme can decr cyclosporine metab & incr blood concns. These include calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil, nicardipine), antifungal agents (e.g., fluconazole, ketoconazole), antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), glucocorticoids (e.g., methylprednisolone), HIV-protease inhibitors (e.g., indinavir), & other drugs (e.g., allupurinol & metoclopramide). In addition, grapefruit & grapefruit juice block the CYP3A system & incr cyclosporine blood concns & thus should be avoided by patients receiving the drug. In contrast, drugs that induce CYP3A activity can incr cyclosporine metab & decr blood concns. Drugs that can decr cyclosporine concns in this manner include antibiotics (e.g., nafcillin & refampin), anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin), & other drugs (e.g., octreotide, ticlopidine). In general, close monitoring of cyclosporine blood levels & the levels of other drugs is required when such combinations are used. Interactions between cyclosporine & sirolimus have led to the recommendation that admin of the two drugs be separated by time. Sirolimus aggravate cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction, while cyclosporine increases sirolimus-induced hyperlipemia & myelosuppression. Other cyclosporine-drug interactions of concern include additive nephrotoxicity when coadministered with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs & other drugs that cause renal dysfunction; elevation in methotrexate levels when the two drugs are coadministered; & reduced clearance of other drugs, including prednisolone, digoxin, & lovastatin.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

环孢素口服给药后，达到最高血药浓度的时间为1.5-2.0小时。与食物同服会延迟并减少吸收。在给药后30分钟内摄入高脂肪和低脂肪餐分别会使曲线下面积（AUC）减少约13%，最大浓度减少33%。这使得个体化门诊病人的剂量方案变得至关重要。环孢素在血管外分布广泛。静脉给药后，稳态分布体积在实体器官移植受者中据报道可高达3-5升/千克。仅有0.1%的环孢素以原形从尿液中排出。……环孢素及其代谢物主要通过胆汁进入粪便排出，仅有大约6%通过尿液排出。环孢素也通过人乳排出。

Following oral admin of cyclosporine, the time to peak blood concns is 1.5-2.0 hr. Admin with food both delays & decreases absorption. High & low fat meals consumed within 30 min of admin decr the AUC by approx 13% & the max concn by 33%. This makes it imperative to individualize dosage regimens for outpatients. Cyclosporine is distributed extensively outside the vascular compartment. After iv dosing, the steady-state volume of distribution has been reported to be as high as 3-5 liters/kg in solid-organ transplant recipients. Only 0.1% of cyclosporine is excreted unchanged in urine. ... Cyclosporine & its metabolites are excreted principally through the bile into the feces, with only approx 6% being excreted in the urine. Cyclosporine also is excreted in human milk.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

环孢素的吸收在口服给药后是不完全的。吸收的程度取决于包括个体患者和所用配方在内的几个变量。环孢素从血液中的消除通常是双相的，终末半衰期为5-18小时。在肾脏移植的成人接受者中，静脉输注后的清除率大约为5-7毫升/分钟/千克，但结果会因年龄和患者群体而异。例如，心脏移植患者的清除速度较慢，而在儿童中则较快。在治疗范围内，给药剂量与血浆浓度-时间曲线下面积之间的关系是线性的，但个体间的变异性很大，因此需要个体监测。

... Absorption of cyclosporine is incomplete following oral admin. The extent of absorption depends upon several variables, including the individual patient & formulation used. The elimination of cyclosporine form the blood is generally biphasic, with a terminal half-life of 5-18 hr. After iv infusion, clearance is approx 5-7 ml/min/kg in adult recipients of renal transplants, but results differ by age & patient populations. For example, clearance is slower in cardiac transplant patients & more rapid in children. The relationship between admin dose & the area under the plasma concn-vs-time curve is linear within the therapeutic range, but the intersubject variability is so large that individual monitoring is required.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

临床医生可以在移植后的前几天内通过持续静脉输液给予环孢素，然后通过每天两次口服给药，以达到血浆环孢素浓度（通过高效液相色谱法测量）为75-150 ng/ml（相当于通过放射免疫分析法测量的全血环孢素浓度为300-600 ng/ml）。维持大约75-150 ng/ml的血浆谷浓度似乎是安全的；然而，这并不一定保证免受肾毒性的危害。由于环孢素及其代谢物优先分布进入红细胞，血药水平通常高于血浆水平。当通过放射免疫分析法测定的血液环孢素水平为300-600 ng/ml时，脑脊液水平范围为10-50 ng/ml。10岁以下儿童的表观分布体积约为35 l/kg，成年人为4.7 l/kg。

Clinicians can administer cyclosporine by continuous iv infusion during the first few days after transplantation, then orally by twice-daily doses, to achieve plasma cyclosporine concns (measured by HPLC) of 75-150 ng/ml (equivalent to whole blood cyclosporine concns of 300-600 ng/ml measured by radioimmunoassay). It appears safe to maintain a trough plasma cyclosporine concn of about 75-150 ng/ml; however, this does not necessarily guarantee safety from nephrotoxicity. Because of preferential distribution of cyclosporine & its metabolites into red blood cells, blood levels are generally higher than plasma levels. When blood cyclosporine levels are 300-600 ng/ml by radioimmunoassay, cerebrospinal fluid levels range from 10-50 ng/ml. The apparent volume of distribution in children under 10 yr of age is about 35 l/kg, & in adults, 4.7 l/kg.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

口服环孢素350毫克的消除半衰期是8.9小时；在服用1400毫克剂量后，半衰期是11.9小时。环孢素的消除主要是通过肝脏代谢形成18-25种代谢物。环孢素的代谢物几乎没有免疫抑制作用。环孢素在肝脏中通过细胞色素P450III氧化酶广泛代谢；然而，神经毒性和可能的肾毒性通常与环孢素代谢物血药水平升高有关。仅有0.1%的剂量以原形排出。

The elimination half-life of an oral cyclosporine dose of 350 mg is 8.9 hr; after a 1400 mg dose, the half-life is 11.9 hr. Elimination occurs predominantly by metab in the liver to form 18-25 metabolites. Metabolites of cyclosporine possess little immunosuppressive activity. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450IIIA oxidase; however, neurotoxicity & possibly nephrotoxoicity usually correlate with raised blood levels of cyclosporine metabolites. Only 0.1% of a dose ix s excreted unchanged.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  T
• 安全说明：
  S22,S24/25,S36/37,S45,S53
• 危险类别码：
  R60,R22,R45
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  2941909000
• 危险品运输编号：
  NONH for all modes of transport
• RTECS号：
  GZ4120000

制备方法与用途

根据提供的信息,以下是关于环孢素的主要内容总结:

化学性质:

• 白色针状结晶
• 溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮或乙醚,微溶于水
• [α]D20 -244°(C=0.6，氯仿)
• 急性毒性LD50: 小鼠107mg/kg, 大鼠2329mg/kg, 兔子>1000mg/kg

用途:

• 新型免疫抑制剂
• 抑制T细胞受体信号传导路径,用于分子生物学研究
• 临床用于肾移植、肝肺移植等器官移植
• 治疗自身免疫性疾病
• 对白血病、癌症、结核病有一定疗效
• 具有抗炎作用

副作用:

• 肾毒性:蛋白尿、管型尿等
• 肝毒性:高胆红素血症等
• 神经系统症状:小脑共济失调、感觉异常等
• 消化道反应:恶心呕吐等

生产方法: 以多孢木霉菌为生产菌株,经过发酵提取粗品,再纯化得到环孢素和环孢菌素C组分。

总结来说,环孢素是一种重要的免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于临床器官移植及自身免疫病治疗,但需要注意其潜在的毒副作用。