Indole Synthesis by Controlled Carbolithiation of o-Aminostyrenes
摘要:
An effective synthesis of the functionalized indole ring system has been developed from substituted o-aminostyrene starting material. Our methodology involves a novel cascade reaction sequence of alkyllithium addition to the styrene double bond and subsequent trapping of the intermediate organolithium with a suitable electrophile, followed by an in situ ring closure and dehydration to generate the indole ring. This new reaction sequence allows for the introduction of molecular diversity at all positions on the indole scaffold. The procedure was shown to be successful with a range of both C and N substituents on the o-aminostyrenes. The reaction sequence was tolerant to the reactivity range of alkyllithiums such as tert-, sec-, and n-butyllithium. The electrophiles used were DMF, which generated indole products with C-2 unsubstituted, and nitriles, which incorporated the nitrile substituent at C-2. The o-aminostyrene starting materials were generated by a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of a vinyl boronic acid equivalent with the readily available substituted o-bromoanilines.
Harnessing the acidity of HF/base reagents is of paramount importance to improve the efficiency and selectivity of fluorination reactions. Yet, no general method has been reported to evaluate their acidic properties, and experimental designs are still relying on a trial-and-error approach. We report a new method based on 19F NMR spectroscopy which allows highly sensitive measures and short-time analyses
利用 HF/碱试剂的酸性对于提高氟化反应的效率和选择性至关重要。然而,尚未报道评估其酸性特性的通用方法,并且实验设计仍然依赖于试错法。我们报告了一种基于19 F NMR 光谱的新方法,可实现高灵敏度测量和短时间分析。有利的是,指标的基本属性可以通过DFT计算在上游确定,从而提供简单而稳健的半经验方法。特别是,本研究中使用的指标经过合理设计,符合概念上吸引人且常用的哈米特量表。该方法已应用于市售和最近开发的 HF/碱试剂。
AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF<i>N</i>-BOC PROTECTED ARYL AMINES
作者:Shelley Darnbrough、Miljenko Mervic、Stephen M. Condon、Christopher J. Burns
DOI:10.1081/scc-100106036
日期:2001.1
There are several known methods of protecting amines as their Boc derivatives. For less nucleophilic amines such as aryl amines these methods often give poor yields and are generally not satisfactory. Here, Boc aryl amines are obtained by first introducing two Boc groups followed by selective removal of one of them. This procedure works well for a number highly sterically hindered substrates as well as electron deficient and electron rich aryl amines.