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5-Amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[5-[3,5-diamino-2-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4-diol | 1404-04-2

中文名称
——
中文别名
——
英文名称
5-Amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[5-[3,5-diamino-2-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4-diol
英文别名
5-amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[4,6-diamino-2-[4-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol
5-Amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[5-[3,5-diamino-2-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4-diol化学式
CAS
1404-04-2;1405-10-3
化学式
C23H46N6O13
mdl
——
分子量
614.6
InChiKey
PGBHMTALBVVCIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    250 °C (decomp)
  • 溶解度:
    H2O: 50 mg/mL 作为储备液。储备液应过滤灭菌并储存在 2-8°C。在 37°C 下稳定 5 天。
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    如果按照规格使用和储存,则不会分解,没有已知危险反应。请避免接触氧化物。

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -9
  • 重原子数:
    42
  • 可旋转键数:
    9
  • 环数:
    4.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    1.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    353
  • 氢给体数:
    13
  • 氢受体数:
    19

ADMET

代谢
氨基糖苷类药物不被代谢,主要通过肾小球滤过并以原形在尿液中排出。/氨基糖苷类药物/
Aminoglycosides are not metabolized and are excreted unchanged in the urine primarily by glomerular filtration. /Aminoglycosides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
识别和使用:新霉素是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素。它在兽医学中用作杀菌药物。人类暴露和毒性:长期给药可能导致足够的系统药物水平,产生神经毒性、耳毒性和/或肾毒性。皮炎通常是由含有0.5%新霉素的软膏引起的。然而,新霉素通过正常皮肤的渗透非常缓慢,只有那些临床敏感的一半人会对0.5%新霉素产生阳性的斑贴测试反应。在停止对眼睛使用新霉素后,可能会发展出角膜上皮的特征性病变,呈小雪花状,通常伴有刺激性感觉,可能会持续数周。报道称,在对小和大手术区域进行微量化新霉素灌溉后,出现了延迟发作的不可逆耳聋、肾衰竭和因神经肌肉阻滞(无论肾功能状况如何)导致的死亡。如果在口服治疗期间出现肾功能不足,应考虑减少药物剂量或停止治疗。在接受氨基糖苷类药物的患者中,很少报告了严重的敏感性反应,如过敏性休克和皮肤反应,包括剥脱性皮炎、中毒性表皮坏死松解、多形红斑、血管性水肿和史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征;很少出现死亡。氨基糖苷类药物之间存在交叉敏感性。在人淋巴细胞中,新霉素在姐妹染色单体交换试验中呈阴性,但在染色体畸变分析中呈阳性。动物研究:在单剂量溶液(0-100毫克/毫升)的新霉素硫酸盐1毫升注入豚鼠胸腔24小时后,没有观察到显著的刺激性。十二只狗肌肉注射了24、48或96毫克/千克体重/天的新霉素。在最高剂量下,所有狗在1-3周内死亡。血尿素氮增加,肾功能障碍,表现为酚红排泄减少。在大鼠中没有致癌性的证据。在一项3代生殖毒性研究中,给大鼠(每组40-20只/性别)通过饮食给予新霉素硫酸盐,剂量为0、6.25、12.5或25毫克/千克体重/天。在所有世代中,没有观察到与处理相关的任何参数的影响。新霉素在小鼠骨髓的细胞遗传学分析中呈阳性。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine as a bactericidal drug. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Prolonged administration could result in sufficient systemic drug levels to produce neurotoxicity, ototoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity. Dermatitis is usually caused by ointment with 0.5% neomycin. However, penetration of neomycin through normal skin is so slow that only half of those who are clinically sensitive will develop a positive patch test reaction to 0.5% neomycin. Characteristic lesions of the corneal epithelium in the form of tiny snowflakes, usually associated with sensation of irritation, may develop and may persist for weeks after application of neomycin to the eye is discontinued. Delayed-onset irreversible deafness, renal failure and death due to neuromuscular blockade (regardless of the status of renal function) have been reported following irrigation of both small and large surgical fields with minute quantities of neomycin. If renal insufficiency develops during oral therapy, consideration should be given to reducing the drug dosage or discontinuing therapy. Serious sensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and dermatologic reactions including exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported rarely in patients receiving aminoglycosides; fatalities have occurred rarely. Cross-sensitivity occurs among the aminoglycosides. In human lymphocytes neomycin tested negative for sister chromatid exchanges, but it was positive in chromosome aberration assay. ANIMAL STUDIES: No significant irritation was observed 24 hours after the intrapleural administration of single doses of solutions of 1 mL neomycin sulfate (0-100 mg/mL) to guinea pigs. Twelve dogs were injected intramuscularly with 24, 48, or 96 mg/kg bw/day neomycin. At the highest dose all dogs died within 1-3 weeks. Blood urea nitrogen was increased and renal function impaired as shown by decreased phenolsulfonphthalein excretion. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats. In a 3-generation reproductive toxicity study groups of rats (40-20/sex/group) were administered neomycin sulfate via the diet at 0, 6.25, 12.5 or 25 mg/kg bw/day. Through all generations no treatment-related effects were observed in any of the parameters evaluated. Neomycin was positive in cytogenetic assay in mice bone marrow.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响
◉ 母乳喂养期间使用总结:尽管没有关于新霉素排入乳汁的信息,但其他氨基糖苷类抗生素在乳汁中的排泄量很少。新生儿显然会吸收少量氨基糖苷类药物,但血清水平远低于治疗新生儿感染时达到的水平,因此新霉素的系统性影响不太可能发生。较大的婴儿吸收的新霉素应该更少。监测婴儿可能的胃肠道菌群影响,如腹泻、念珠菌病(例如,鹅口疮、尿布疹)或罕见的情况下,便中带血提示可能的抗生素相关性结肠炎。 口服、外用、眼科或耳科的新霉素在乳汁中的水平非常低,对婴儿的风险微乎其微[1][2],尽管乳头局部应用可能会增加婴儿腹泻的风险。应该只将水溶性乳膏或凝胶产品应用于乳房,因为药膏可能会使婴儿通过舔食接触到高水平的有害物质。[3] ◉ 对哺乳婴儿的影响:截至修订日期,没有找到相关的已发布信息。 ◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响:截至修订日期,没有找到相关的已发布信息。
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Although no information exists on the excretion of neomycin into milk, other aminoglycoside antibiotics are poorly excreted into breastmilk. Newborn infants apparently absorb small amounts of aminoglycosides, but serum levels are far below those attained when treating newborn infections and systemic effects of neomycin are unlikely. Older infants would be expected to absorb even less neomycin. Monitor the infant for possible effects on the gastrointestinal flora, such as diarrhea, candidiasis (e.g., thrush, diaper rash) or rarely, blood in the stool indicating possible antibiotic-associated colitis. Oral, topical, ophthalmic or otic neomycin should result in very low levels in breastmilk and present negligible risk to the infant,[1][2] although topical application to the nipple may increase the risk of diarrhea in the infant. Only water-miscible cream or gel products should be applied to the breast because ointments may expose the infant to high levels of mineral paraffins via licking.[3] ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
毒理性
  • 副作用
皮肤致敏剂 - 能够诱导皮肤产生过敏反应的物质。
Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
  • 相互作用
六价阳离子糖苷类抗生素新霉素对血小板生理反应的影响,如聚集和分泌,以及磷脂酰肌醇代谢的变化进行了研究。新霉素强烈抑制了凝血酶诱导的聚集和分泌,而该抗生素对离子霉素或TPA诱导的血小板功能没有影响。凝血酶诱导的肌醇磷脂代谢增强被新霉素的存在强烈抑制,而TPA或离子霉素诱导的肌醇(32)P-聚磷脂增加未受影响。比较了其他一些糖苷类抗生素的抑制作用与新霉素的抑制作用,数据显示,对血小板分泌和磷脂酸生成的抑制取决于抗生素的阳离子电荷。
The effect of the hexacationic aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, on platelet physiological responses, such as aggregation and secretion, as well as changes in phosphoinositide metabolism was studied. Neomycin strongly inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation and secretion whereas the antibiotic had no effect on ionomycin- or TPA-induced platelet functions. The thrombin-induced enhancement of inositol phospholipid metabolism was strongly inhibited by the presence of neomycin whereas the TPA- or ionomycin-induced increase in inositol (32)P-polyphospholipids remained unaffected. The inhibitory effect of some other aminoglycoside antibiotics was compared to that of neomycin and the data demonstrate that the inhibition of platelet secretion and phosphatidic acid production was dependent on the cationic charge of the antibiotic.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
口服新霉素可能会增强口服抗凝剂的效果,可能是通过干扰胃肠道对维生素K的吸收或合成。在接受同时口服氨基糖苷类和口服抗凝治疗的患者中,应监测凝血酶原时间,并根据需要调整抗凝剂的剂量。
Oral neomycin may potentiate the effects of oral anticoagulants, possibly by interfering with GI absorption or synthesis of vitamin K. Prothrombin times should be monitored in patients receiving concomitant oral aminoglycoside and oral anticoagulant therapy, and dosage of the anticoagulant should be adjusted as required.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
硫酸新霉素从正常的胃肠道的吸收较差。被吸收的小部分会迅速分布到组织中,并通过肾脏排出,排出量与肾脏功能程度相一致。药物未被吸收的部分(大约97%)以原形在粪便中排出。
Neomycin sulfate is poorly absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract. The small absorbed fraction is rapidly distributed in the tissues and is excreted by the kidney in keeping with the degree of kidney function. The unabsorbed portion of the drug (approximately 97%) is eliminated unchanged in the feces.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
与其他氨基糖苷类药物一样,系统性吸收的链霉素转移到组织中的量会随着每次重复剂量的增加而累积,直到达到稳态。肾脏作为主要的排泄途径和组织结合位点,肾皮质中的浓度最高。随着重复给药,内耳也会逐渐积累。停止给药后,组织结合的链霉素会缓慢释放,持续数周。
As with other aminoglycosides, the amount of systemically absorbed neomycin transferred to the tissues increases cumulatively with each repeated dose administered until a steady state is achieved. The kidney functions as the primary excretory path as well as the tissue binding site, with the highest concentration found in the renal cortex. With repeated dosings, progressive accumulation also occurs in the inner ear. Release of tissue-bound neomycin occurs slowly over a period of several weeks after dosing has been discontinued.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在一项针对肾功能正常的成年人的研究中,单次口服硫酸新霉素4克后,大多数患者在1-4小时内达到血浆新霉素峰浓度2.5-6.1微克/毫升;在8小时时可以检测到低浓度的药物,但在24小时时药物已无法检测到。
In one study in adults with normal renal function, a single 4-g oral dose of neomycin sulfate produced peak plasma neomycin concentrations of 2.5-6.1 ug/mL 1-4 hours after the dose in most patients; low plasma concentrations of the drug were detectable at 8 hours but the drug was undetectable at 24 hours.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在接受1克口服硫酸新霉素和1克口服红霉素的成人中,分别于结肠直肠手术前19、18和9小时给药,硫酸新霉素的平均峰值血清浓度为0.59微克/毫升,在第一次给药后12小时达到(即第三次给药后2小时)。
In adults who received 1-g doses of oral neomycin sulfate and 1-g doses of oral erythromycin at 19, 18, and 9 hours before colorectal surgery, mean peak serum concentrations of neomycin were 0.59 ug/mL and were attained 12 hours after the first dose (i.e., 2 hours after the third dose).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 危险品标志:
    Xn
  • 安全说明:
    S22,S36/37,S45
  • 危险类别码:
    R42/43
  • WGK Germany:
    3

制备方法与用途

新霉素简介

新霉素是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素,由微生物学家赛尔曼·A·瓦克斯曼和他的学生Hubert Lechevalier在1949年从弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)中分离获得。其硫酸盐为白色或类白色的粉末状物质,无臭味,极易吸湿;易溶于水,在乙醇、乙醚、丙酮或氯仿中几乎不溶解。

抗菌谱

新霉素的抗菌范围与其他氨基糖苷类抗生素相似,对抗革兰氏阴性菌作用较强,并对某些革兰氏阳性菌也有一定效果。然而,它对人体有一定的毒性,通常仅用于局部治疗。

适应症
  • 手术前准备:适用于结肠手术前的肠道准备。
  • 辅助治疗:在肝昏迷时可作为辅助疗法使用。
  • 皮肤和黏膜感染:新霉素软膏剂可用于脓疱病、外耳道炎、慢性中耳炎、眼部表浅感染及烧伤、溃疡面的感染。
应用

新霉素主要用于局部给药,如乳膏、搽剂和眼药水等。偶尔口服使用,但由于在胃肠道内不吸收且可能引起肾脏毒性,通常与其他抗生素联合应用。此外,新霉素也用于细胞培养。

作用机制

新霉素通过与细菌核糖体结合抑制蛋白质合成,从而发挥其抗菌作用,这与其他氨基糖苷类抗生素的作用机制相同。

功能主治
  • 口服适应症:治疗感染性腹泻、预防结直肠手术患者的肠道菌群失调以及降低肝性脑病中的氨生成。
  • 局部使用:适用于烧伤、创伤和溃疡面的感染,尤其是由金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)或变形杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)等敏感细菌引起的各种皮肤和耳部感染。
副作用

可能包括恶心、腹泻及艰难梭状芽孢杆菌引起的肠道炎症。

化学性质

新霉素硫酸盐([4146-30-9])是一种白色或类白色的粉末,极易溶于水,但极微溶于乙醇,不溶于乙醚、丙酮和氯仿。

用途

作为一种广谱抗生素,新霉素的抗菌范围与卡那霉素相似。主要用于局部治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌等敏感细菌引起的皮肤感染、耳部感染等问题。

生产方法

采用弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)作为发酵菌种,在培养基中进行发酵,随后通过过强酸型阳离子交换树脂吸附,用氨水洗脱。将洗脱液浓缩后在硫酸中处理,并经喷雾干燥制得新霉素。主要组分是新霉素B和C(以B为主),含有微量的新霉素A(Neamine)。

文献信息

  • Inhibitors
    申请人:Nakatani Kazuhiko
    公开号:US20070037841A1
    公开(公告)日:2007-02-15
    An inhibitor contains naphthyridine dimer, a naphthyridine-azaquinolone hybrid, a trinaphthyridine-azaquinolone hybrid, or a trinaphthyridine-azaquinolone hybrid derivative. In order to inhibit binding of 100 nM of RRE to 100 nM of Rev protein, for example, an inhibitor containing naphthyridine dimer is used at a molarity of 1.2 μM to 12 μM, an inhibitor containing the naphthyridine-azaquinolone hybrid is used at a molarity of 2 μM to 20 μM, or an inhibitor containing the trinaphthyridine-azaquinolone hybrid derivative is used at a molarity of 200 nM to 2 μM. This makes it possible to effectively inhibit binding of RRE to Rev protein.
    一种抑制剂包含萘啶二聚体、萘啶-氮杂喹啉杂交物、三萘啶-氮杂喹啉杂交物或三萘啶-氮杂喹啉杂交物衍生物。例如,为了抑制100 nM的RRE与100 nM的Rev蛋白质的结合,使用含有萘啶二聚体的抑制剂浓度为1.2 μM至12 μM,使用含有萘啶-氮杂喹啉杂交物的抑制剂浓度为2 μM至20 μM,或使用含有三萘啶-氮杂喹啉杂交物衍生物的抑制剂浓度为200 nM至2 μM。这使得有效地抑制RRE与Rev蛋白质的结合成为可能。
  • Methods for identifying modulators of calcium-sensing receptors
    申请人:MARS, INCORPORATED
    公开号:US10393740B2
    公开(公告)日:2019-08-27
    Methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity and/or expression of a calcium-sensing receptor, wherein said compounds can be incorporated into flavor compositions that can be used to modify the kokumi taste and/or palatability of pet food products.
    鉴定可调节钙传感受体活性和/或表达的化合物的方法,其中所述化合物可掺入风味组合物中,用于改变宠物食品的口感和/或适口性。
  • SYNTHESE DE NOUVEAUX DERIVES DE NEAMINE ET LEUR UTILISATION COMME AGENTS ANTIBACTERIENS
    申请人:Université Joseph Fourier
    公开号:EP2235031B1
    公开(公告)日:2017-07-26
  • Compositions of Multicationic Drugs for Reducing Interactions with Polyanionic Biomolecules and Methods of Use Thereof
    申请人:Malinin Vladimir
    公开号:US20100196455A1
    公开(公告)日:2010-08-05
    The present invention relates, in part, to a composition comprising a multicationic drug and an organic multianion. In some embodiments, the multicationic drug is enclosed within a carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier is a liposome. In some embodiments, the multicationic drug and organic multianion are enclosed within a carrier, while in other embodiments, the multicationic drug is enclosed within the carrier and the organic multianion is outside the carrier. The present invention also relates, in part, to a method of treating a subject for pulmonary distress comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the aforementioned composition.
  • METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEIC ACID BINDING ASSAYS
    申请人:Nubad, LLC
    公开号:US20140024137A1
    公开(公告)日:2014-01-23
    Small molecule fluorescent probes for established drug targets such as nucleic acids including DNA and RNA has been developed and disclosed herein. These nucleic acid probes bind to multiple DNA and RNA structures, and to sites crucial for nucleic acid function, such as DNA and RNA major grooves. Displacement of the probes by other binders such as small molecule compounds and/or proteins illicits a fluorescence change in the probe that once detected and analyzed provide binding information of these other binders of interest. Similarly, changes in fluorescence upon binding of the probes to nucleic acid have been applied to screen nucleic acid of different sequence and conformation. The nucleic acid probes and method of uses disclosed herein are advantageously suitable for high-through put screening of libraries of small molecule compounds, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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