New Gastroprotective Ferruginol Derivatives with Selective Cytotoxicity against Gastric Cancer Cells
作者:Marlene Espinoza、Leonardo Santos、Cristina Theoduloz、Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann、Jaime Rodríguez
DOI:10.1055/s-2008-1074532
日期:2008.6
The diterpene ferruginol has shown a strong protective effect in animal gastric ulcer models. In the present work, we report the gastroprotective effect and cytotoxicity of 16 new semisynthetic ester derivatives of ferruginol. The gastroprotective effect of these compounds was assessed with the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions model in mice and the cytotoxicity was measured using MRC-5 fibroblasts, gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and liver hepatoma Hep G2 cells. The compounds were tested for a gastroprotective effect at a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg. The best gastroprotective effect was elicited by ferruginyl nicotinate (13), reducing the lesion index by 71â%, while the derivatives ferruginyl chloroacetate (2), ferruginyl palmitate (6), ferruginyl oleate (7), ferruginyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (11), ferruginyl 3-methylbenzofuran-2-carbonyl ester (12), ferruginyl indoleacetate (14), ferruginyl indolebutyrate (15) and ferruginyl pthalate (16) reduced the lesions by 49â–â66â%. The most promising compounds were 11, 13 and 14, presenting a gastroprotective effect higher or similar to that of ferruginol but with a high selectivity towards the tumor AGS cells. Among the three products, the most selective towards AGS cells was 14, followed by 13, and 11 (IC50 values of 12, 22 and 29 μM, respectively). The isobutyrate 4, inactive as a gastroprotective agent, showed selective cytotoxicity against AGS and Hep G2 cells (IC50 values of 60 and 39.2 μM, respectively). The cytotoxicity of the above cited compounds towards fibroblasts was >1000 μM. Considering the aliphatic esters of ferruginol, the best gastroprotective activity was found in the C16 and C18 derivatives but tended to decrease with increasing aliphatic chain unsaturation. For short-chain esters, the gastroprotective effect could be observed when the chain contained a chlorine atom. For aromatic esters, the presence of nitro groups or a nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring enhanced the gastroprotective activity. The compounds with the best gastroprotective effect and the highest selectivity against tumor cells bear an amino group (indoleacetate and nicotinate) or nitro group (3,5-dinitrobenzoate).
二萜化合物铁锈醇在动物胃溃疡模型中显示出强烈的保护作用。在本研究中,我们报告了16种新的半合成酯类衍生物的胃保护作用和细胞毒性。这些化合物的胃保护作用通过HCl/乙醇诱导的小鼠胃损伤模型进行评估,而细胞毒性则使用MRC-5成纤维细胞、胃腺癌(AGS)和肝癌细胞Hep G2进行测定。这些化合物在单次口服剂量20 mg/kg下测试其胃保护效果。铁锈醇烟酸酯(13)表现出最佳的胃保护效果,使损伤指数降低了71%,而其他衍生物如铁锈醇氯乙酸酯(2)、铁锈醇棕榈酸酯(6)、铁锈醇油酸酯(7)、铁锈醇3,5-二硝基苯甲酸酯(11)、铁锈醇3-甲基苯并呋喃-2-羰基酯(12)、铁锈醇吲哚乙酸酯(14)、铁锈醇吲哚丁酸酯(15)和铁锈醇邻苯二甲酸酯(16)则使损伤降低了49–66%。最有潜力的化合物是11、13和14,其胃保护作用高于或类似于铁锈醇,但对AGS癌细胞具有高选择性。在这三种化合物中,对AGS细胞最具选择性的是14,其次是13和11(IC50值分别为12、22和29 μM)。异丁酸酯4作为胃保护剂无效,但对AGS和Hep G2细胞显示选择性细胞毒性(IC50值分别为60和39.2 μM)。上述化合物的成纤维细胞细胞毒性大于1000 μM。考虑到铁锈醇的脂肪族酯,C16和C18衍生物显示出最佳的胃保护活性,但随着脂肪链不饱和度的增加,活性趋于降低。对于短链酯,当链中含有氯原子时,可观察到胃保护效果。对于芳香酯,芳环中含硝基或氮原子可增强胃保护活性。具有最佳胃保护效果和高选择性抗肿瘤细胞的化合物含有氨基(吲哚乙酸酯和烟酸酯)或硝基(3,5-二硝基苯甲酸酯)。