Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病，包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
[EN] 3-CARBAMOYL-1 -METHYLPYRIDINIUM NITRITE, PROCESS FOR ITS PREPARATION AND ITS USE<br/>[FR] NITRITE DE 3-CARBAMOYL-1-MÉTHYLPYRIDINIUM, PROCÉDÉ POUR SA PRÉPARATION ET SON UTILISATION
申请人：UNIV JAGIELLOŃSKI
公开号：WO2014200373A1
公开（公告）日：2014-12-18
The invention relates to a novel pyridinium salt comprising an anion in the form of a nitrite and a cation in the form of a 3-carbamoyl-l -methylpyridinium, the process of its preparation and its use for the manufacture of a vascular protective agent for the treatment or prevention of conditions or diseases associated with the dysfunction of vascular endothelium, failure of endothelial synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and/or failure of endothelial synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2).
Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are molybdoflavoenzymes with an important role in the metabolism and detoxification of heterocyclic compounds and aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes. The enzymes use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and produce reduced oxygen species during turnover. Four different enzymes, mAOX1, mAOX3, mAOX4, and mAOX2, which are the products of distinct genes, are present in the mouse. A direct and simultaneous comparison of the enzymatic properties and characteristics of the four enzymes has never been performed. In this report, the four catalytically active mAOX enzymes were purified after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli . The kinetic parameters of the four mouse AOX enzymes were determined and compared with the use of six predicted substrates of physiologic and toxicological interest, i.e., retinaldehyde, N 1-methylnicotinamide, pyridoxal, vanillin, 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde ( p- DMAC), and salicylaldehyde. While retinaldehyde, vanillin, p- DMAC, and salycilaldehyde are efficient substrates for the four mouse AOX enzymes, N 1-methylnicotinamide is not a substrate of mAOX1 or mAOX4, and pyridoxal is not metabolized by any of the purified enzymes. Overall, mAOX1, mAOX2, mAOX3, and mAOX4 are characterized by significantly different KM and kcat values for the active substrates. The four mouse AOXs are also characterized by quantitative differences in their ability to produce superoxide radicals. With respect to this last point, mAOX2 is the enzyme generating the largest rate of superoxide radicals of around 40% in relation to moles of substrate converted, and mAOX1, the homolog to the human enzyme, produces a rate of approximately 30% of superoxide radicals with the same substrate.
The use of quaternary pyridinium salts as vasoprotective agents
申请人：Pharmena SA
公开号：EP2279738A1
公开（公告）日：2011-02-02
The invention relates to the use of quaternary pyridinium salts of formula I, wherein wherein R is NH2, CH3, or N(H)CH2OH, and X- is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, for the preparation of vasoprotective agent or a dietary supplement for the treatment or prevention of conditions or diseases associated with dysfunction of vascular endothelium, oxidative stress, and/or insufficient production of endothelial prostacyclin PGI2, in particular but not exclusively if the above coincides with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL level.
本发明涉及式 I 的季铵盐，其中 R 为 NH2、CH3 或 N(H)CH2OH，X- 为药学上可接受的反离子，用于制备血管保护剂或膳食补充剂，以治疗或预防与血管内皮功能障碍相关的病症或疾病、氧化应激和/或血管内皮前列环素 PGI2 生成不足，特别是但不限于上述与高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症或高密度脂蛋白水平低有关的情况或疾病。
URINE TEST DEVICE AND URINE TEST METHOD
申请人：Yukashikado Inc.
公开号：EP3557249A1
公开（公告）日：2019-10-23
There are provided a urine testing apparatus and a urine testing method which can stabilize urine vitamins for several days and improve testing accuracy and convenience of a urine collection test of a subject. According to this urine testing apparatus, the inner wall surface of a urine collection storage container is coated with an aqueous citric acid solution or the like as a urine stabilizer. Alternatively, a dried or freeze-dried aqueous citric acid solution or the like as the urine stabilizer is stored in the urine collection storage container. On the other hand, according to the urine testing method of this invention, the aqueous citric acid solution or the like as the urine stabilizer is added to the collected urine sample, the vitamin concentration of at least 7 days after urine collection is stabilized to stabilize each urine vitamin for several days, thereby improving the convenience of the urine collection test of the subject. In particular, the urine concentrations of vitamins B can be stabilized to accurately test the nutrients lacking in the body of the subject.
本发明提供了一种尿液检测仪器和尿液检测方法，可使尿液维生素稳定数天，提高检测准确性，方便受试者进行尿液采集检测。根据这种尿液检测装置，尿液收集储存容器的内壁表面涂有柠檬酸水溶液或类似物作为尿液稳定剂。或者，在尿液收集储存容器中储存经干燥或冷冻干燥的柠檬酸水溶液等作为尿液稳定剂。另一方面，根据本发明的尿液检测方法，将柠檬酸水溶液等作为尿液稳定剂加入到采集的尿样中，至少可以稳定尿液采集后7天的维生素浓度，使每种尿液维生素稳定数天，从而提高受试者尿液采集检测的便利性。特别是可以稳定尿液中维生素 B 的浓度，准确检测受试者体内缺乏的营养物质。
INFORMATION PROCESSING DEVICE, INFORMATION PROCESSING DEVICE CONTROL METHOD, PROGRAM, CALCULATION DEVICE, AND CALCULATION METHOD
申请人：CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
公开号：EP3865872A1
公开（公告）日：2021-08-18
Hitherto, preprocessing for separating impurities and calculation processing, for example, a peak splitting method, are required in order to acquire information on test substances from spectral information. An information processing apparatus according to the present invention includes information acquisition means for acquiring quantitative information on a test substance estimated by inputting spectral information on a sample containing the test substance and impurities into a learning model.
