Chiral nonracemic C2-symmetry biphenyls by desymmetrization of 6,6′,2,2′-tetramethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl
摘要:
Regioselective bromination of the title biphenyl 1 at the 3 and 3' positions and simultaneous desymmetrization of the biphenyl has been achieved. Metal-halide exchange at the 3,3' positions facilitated the introduction of functional groups in good yield. Regioselective reduction was obtained by using (CH3)(3)SiI, L-Selectride and HI according to the functional groups on the biphenyls. Resolution of 6,6',2,2'-tetramethoxy-3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl 3 was achieved by its conversion to the corresponding phosphorothioamidate diastereomers of the (S)-(-)-alpha -methylbenzylamine. The absolute configuration of (M)-(+)-3 was confirmed by X-ray analysis of the corresponding diastereomer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The paper outlines some main features of chaos theory. Examples of chaotic systems in society and the environment are given. Spontaneous interaction of components, without being planned or directed, is known as 'self-organising behaviour'. Chaos is an essential aspect of this self organisation, occurring in many forms. A chaotic system is defined as one that shows sensitivity to initial conditions. If the errors relative to the initial conditions become too great, the system will eventually collapse. Development projects are sensitive to such initial conditions. In particular, two examples in development are outlined in some detail and commented upon. One is the occurrence of a project promoting self-organising systems among the poorest of the poor. The other outlines how rehabilitation after resettlement in a power project has transgressed the 'edge of chaos' socio-emotionally, in spite of the socio-economic development being good.
The paper outlines some main features of chaos theory. Examples of chaotic systems in society and the environment are given. Spontaneous interaction of components, without being planned or directed, is known as 'self-organising behaviour'. Chaos is an essential aspect of this self organisation, occurring in many forms. A chaotic system is defined as one that shows sensitivity to initial conditions. If the errors relative to the initial conditions become too great, the system will eventually collapse. Development projects are sensitive to such initial conditions. In particular, two examples in development are outlined in some detail and commented upon. One is the occurrence of a project promoting self-organising systems among the poorest of the poor. The other outlines how rehabilitation after resettlement in a power project has transgressed the 'edge of chaos' socio-emotionally, in spite of the socio-economic development being good.
Chiral nonracemic C2-symmetry biphenyls by desymmetrization of 6,6′,2,2′-tetramethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl
Regioselective bromination of the title biphenyl 1 at the 3 and 3' positions and simultaneous desymmetrization of the biphenyl has been achieved. Metal-halide exchange at the 3,3' positions facilitated the introduction of functional groups in good yield. Regioselective reduction was obtained by using (CH3)(3)SiI, L-Selectride and HI according to the functional groups on the biphenyls. Resolution of 6,6',2,2'-tetramethoxy-3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl 3 was achieved by its conversion to the corresponding phosphorothioamidate diastereomers of the (S)-(-)-alpha -methylbenzylamine. The absolute configuration of (M)-(+)-3 was confirmed by X-ray analysis of the corresponding diastereomer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.