An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.
一种储能装置包括处于活化状态的阴极材料;以及处于活化状态的阳极材料;其中阴极材料是共价连接到第一聚合物基体上或限制在第一聚合物基体内的
紫胶,第一聚合物基体被配置为防止或最大限度地减少阴极材料在活化状态下的实质性扩散;阳极材料是
吩嗪、
吩噻嗪、三苯并
噻嗪、
咔唑、
吲哚咔唑、双
咔唑或
二茂铁,共价连接到第二聚合物基体上或封闭在第二聚合物基体内,第二聚合物基体的配置可防止或尽量减少阳极材料在活化状态下的大量扩散。