Efficient coupling of tertiary alkyl halides with dialkylzinc and titanium compounds
作者:Manfred T. Reetz、Bernd Wenderoth、Roland Peter、Rainer Steinbach、J�rgen Westermann
DOI:10.1039/c39800001202
日期:——
Dialkylzinccompounds react with tertiaryalkylhalides to afford the corresponding coupling products containing a quaternary carbon atom, thereby making geminal dialkylation of ketones or hydroalkylation of olefins possible.
Decalin was converted in a flow-type reactor under a hydrogen pressure of 5.2 MPa on Ir/H,A-Beta zeolite catalysts, where A stands for an alkali metal cation. In one series of catalysts, the Ir content was 3 wt.%, and the nature of A was varied from lithium to cesium. In a second series, the iridium content in Ir/H,Cs-Beta was varied from 1 to 5 wt.%. On some of these catalysts, open-chain decanes (OCDs) were formed with unprecedented selectivities and yields of up to 47 and 44%, respectively. The term "High-Performance Ring-Opening Catalysts" (HIPEROCs) was defined. Evidence is presented for hydrogenolysis on the metal being the main ring-opening mechanism on HIPEROCs. The main function of the Bronsted-acid sites is a mild isomerization of six-membered into five-membered naphthenic rings which are much easier to open by hydrogenolysis. Valuable mechanistic information can be deduced from the carbon-number distributions and the naphthenes vs. alkanes content of the hydrocracked products (C-9-). (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Franke,W.K. et al., Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1977, p. 1862 - 1873