乳果糖 | 4618-18-2

• 物质功能分类: 原料药 - 水、电解质及酸碱平衡调节药 - 葡萄糖类药
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 脂质和类脂质分子 - 脂肪酰基
• 中文名称: 乳果糖
• 中文别名: 异构化乳糖液；4-O-beta-D-吡喃半乳糖基-alpha-D-果糖；半乳醣甙果糖
• 英文名称: lactulose
• 英文别名: lactulose, keto form；D-Fructose, 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-；(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexan-2-one
• CAS: 4618-18-2
• 化学式: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
• 分子量: 342.3
• InChiKey: PFCRQPBOOFTZGQ-VZXVHDRGSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  ~169 °C (dec.)
• 比旋光度：
  -47 º (C=5, H2O, 12HR)
• 沸点：
  397.76°C (rough estimate)
• 密度：
  1,32g/cm
• 溶解度：
  易溶于水，微溶于甲醇，几乎不溶于甲苯。
• LogP：
  -2.885 (est)
• 稳定性/保质期：
  淡黄色透明的黏稠液体（含量超过50%），具有清凉甜味，甜度约为蔗糖的48%～62%，常与蔗糖并用以增加甜度。其相对密度为1.35，折射率为1.47，并且能溶于水，在水中溶解度达70%（25℃）。实验结果显示，小白鼠经口LD₅₀值为21.5g/kg，大白鼠经口LD₅₀值为47.2g/kg。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.8
• 重原子数：
  23
• 可旋转键数：
  8
• 环数：
  1.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.92
• 拓扑面积：
  197
• 氢给体数：
  8
• 氢受体数：
  11

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 安全说明：
  S24/25
• WGK Germany：
  2
• 海关编码：
  29400090
• 危险品运输编号：
  NONH for all modes of transport
• RTECS号：
  LS6965000
• 储存条件：
  常温下应存放在避光、通风且干燥的地方，并密封保存。

SDS

Name:	Lactulose 50 Wt% Solution in Water Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:	4-Ortho-Beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-Fructose; Isolactos
CAS:	4618-18-2

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:Lactulose 50 Wt% Solution in Water Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:4-Ortho-Beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-Fructose; Isolactos

---

Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
4618-18-2	D-Fructose, 4-O-Beta-D-Galactopyranosy	50	225-027-7

Hazard Symbols: None Listed.
Risk Phrases: None Listed.

---

Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Potential Health Effects
Eye:
May cause eye irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Skin:
May cause skin irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Ingestion:
May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Low hazard for usual industrial handling.
Inhalation:
May cause respiratory tract irritation. Low hazard for usual industrial handling. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Chronic:
No information found.

---

Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. If irritation develops, get medical aid.
Skin:
Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Wash clothing before reuse.
Ingestion:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Wash mouth out with water. Get medical aid if irritation or symptoms occur.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid if cough or other symptoms appear.
Notes to Physician:

---

Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas.
Extinguishing Media:
Use agent most appropriate to extinguish fire. Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam.

---

Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Sweep up, then place into a suitable container for disposal. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Provide ventilation.

---

Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash hands before eating. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Use with adequate ventilation.
Storage:
Keep container closed when not in use. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. No special precautions indicated.

---

Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.
Exposure Limits CAS# 4618-18-2: CAS# 7732-18-5: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

---

Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State: Crystalline powder
Color: clear light yellow
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Freezing/Melting Point: 173.00 - 178.00 deg C
Autoignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Point: Not available.
Explosion Limits, lower: N/A
Explosion Limits, upper: N/A
Decomposition Temperature:
Solubility in water: 76.4% (30 c)
Specific Gravity/Density:
Molecular Formula: C12H22O11
Molecular Weight: 342.28

---

Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Conditions to Avoid:
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat, strong oxidants.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Oxidizing agents.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported

---

Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
RTECS#:
CAS# 4618-18-2: LS6965000 CAS# 7732-18-5: ZC0110000 LD50/LC50:
CAS# 4618-18-2: Oral, mouse: LD50 = 31 gm/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 18160 mg/kg.
CAS# 7732-18-5: Oral, rat: LD50 = >90 mL/kg.
Carcinogenicity:
D-Fructose, 4-O-Beta-D-Galactopyranosyl- - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP.
Water - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP.
Other:
See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.

---

Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

---

Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.

---

Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION

IATA
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
IMO
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
RID/ADR
Not regulated as a hazardous material.

---

Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: Not available.
Risk Phrases:
Safety Phrases:
S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 28A After contact with skin, wash immediately with
plenty of water.
S 37 Wear suitable gloves.
S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where
possible).
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)
CAS# 4618-18-2: No information available.
CAS# 7732-18-5: No information available.
Canada
CAS# 4618-18-2 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
CAS# 7732-18-5 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
CAS# 4618-18-2 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
CAS# 7732-18-5 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 4618-18-2 is listed on the TSCA inventory.
CAS# 7732-18-5 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

---

SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

根据提供的信息,我可以总结出以下关于乳果糖的重要要点:

1. 乳果糖是一种淡黄色透明黏稠液体,相对密度1.35,折射率1.47,甜度相当于蔗糖的48%-62%。

2. 它可以降低血氨并有缓泻作用,用于治疗习惯性便秘、氨性肝昏迷和高血氨症等。

3. 工业上可作为间接营养增补剂使用。我国GB 2760-86规定可用于乳粉(15g/kg)、饼干(2.0g/kg)、饮料(液态或固态)(1.5g/kg,以异构化乳糖干物质计)。

4. 主要由乳糖在碱性条件下进行异构化反应制得。主要成分是50%以上的异构化乳糖,含有少量未反应的乳糖和分解产物果糖、半乳糖及葡萄糖。

5. 乳果糖为人体肠道益生菌双歧杆菌的增殖因子,可帮助消化吸收蛋白质和乳糖,产生B族维生素等。

6. 小白鼠经口LD₅₀值大于21.5g/kg,大白鼠经口LD₅₀值47.2g/kg,毒性较低。

7. 可用于治疗便秘、肝性脑病等相关疾病,但孕妇、哺乳期妇女及某些特殊患者应慎用或禁用。

8. 作为一种食品添加剂,可用于特定食品中,但需严格控制添加量。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  N-acetylneuraminic acid 、 乳果糖 在 Sodium tripolyphosphate 、 sialyltransferase 、 sodium hydroxide 、 magnesium chloride 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 反应 20.0h， 生成
  参考文献：
  名称：

  一种α-2,3唾液酸化乳果糖制备方法

  摘要：

  本发明公开了一种α‑2，3唾液酸化乳果糖制备方法，其特征在于：一定组份的乳果糖、三磷酸胞苷钠、唾液酸、溶于超纯水中，用3摩尔/升的NaOH调pH8.5，加入1摩尔/升的pH8.5的Tris‑HCl。然后将混合物放入37℃气浴振荡器中，反应18～30小时。采用硅胶薄层层析(TLC)检测反应程度，TLC展开溶剂采用正丙醇∶甲醇∶水＝5∶2∶1。待乳果糖反应完全后，往反应液中加等体积95％乙醇，混合均匀，放入4℃冰箱中静置30min，然后在7000转/分下离心30min，上清液采用旋转蒸发浓缩。浓缩液采用硅胶色谱柱纯化，再经冷冻干燥即为纯品。

  公开号：

  CN105949250B
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  乳糖 在 Ca_3.4AlO_4.9 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 89.84 ℃ 、1.0 MPa 条件下， 反应 3.0h， 生成 乳果糖
  参考文献：
  名称：

  调整基于钙铝的催化剂的组成，使其异构化或异构化葡萄糖和其他糖

  摘要：

  在源自生物质原料的纤维素转化中实现良好生产率的关键反应之一是葡萄糖异构化为果糖，最新的反应是获得其他重要衍生物的平台分子。在这项工作中，基于水滑石型衍生材料的含Ca-Al的催化剂用于在温和的反应条件下，以水为溶剂，将葡萄糖选择性异构化为果糖，以及将葡萄糖选择性差向异构化为甘露糖。与目前基于葡萄糖转化的工业过程相比，该催化剂表现出高活性（转化率= 51–87％）和优异的果糖选择性（63–88％）。生物催化。还可以通过调节催化剂碱性位点的量及其组成来调节对果糖或甘露糖的选择性。Ca-Al基催化剂中存在的碱性和酸性位点的组合在反应中起着关键作用，这一事实将在本文中与其他重要的操作参数一起进行讨论。测试了催化剂的稳定性和可回收性，连续运行5次后仅检测到很小的活性损失。还讨论了催化剂的合成及其表征，因为它们是此类水滑石类型材料中如此高的Ca含量的文献中发现的少数情况之一。已计算出一些绿色指标，例如E因子，以评估我们的系统是否环保。

  DOI：

  10.1039/c9gc02823d

文献信息

• Aspergillus nidulansα-galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 36 catalyses the formation of α-galacto-oligosaccharides by transglycosylation
  作者：Hiroyuki Nakai、Martin J. Baumann、Bent O. Petersen、Yvonne Westphal、Maher Abou Hachem、Adiphol Dilokpimol、Jens Ø. Duus、Henk A. Schols、Birte Svensson

  DOI：10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07763.x

  日期：2010.9

  α‐galactosidase from Aspergillus nidulans (AglC) belongs to a phylogenetic cluster containing eukaryotic α‐galactosidases and α‐galacto‐oligosaccharide synthases of glycoside hydrolase family 36 (GH36). The recombinant AglC, produced in high yield (0.65 g·L−1 culture) as His‐tag fusion in Escherichia coli, catalysed efficient transglycosylation with α‐(1→6) regioselectivity from 40 mm 4‐nitrophenol α

  来自构巢曲霉（AglC）的α-半乳糖苷酶属于系统发育簇，包含糖苷水解酶家族36（GH36）的真核α-半乳糖苷酶和α-半乳糖寡糖合酶。重组AglC在大肠杆菌中以His-tag融合形式高产量（0.65 g·L -1培养）产生，催化40 m m 4-硝基苯酚α- d-吡喃半乳糖苷具有α-（1→6）区域选择性的高效转糖基化作用，蜜二糖棉子糖或，产生4-硝基苯酚α-收率的37-74％d -Gal p - （1→6） - d -Gal p，α- d -Gal p - （1→6）-α- d-Gal p - （1→6） - d -Glc p和α- d -Gal p - （1→6）-α- d -Gal p - （1→6） - d -Glc p - （α1→β2 ）-d- Fru f（水苏糖）。此外，在10个候选单糖受体（400 m m）和供体4-硝基苯酚α- d-吡喃半乳糖苷（40 m m）中，还获得了由半
• LACTULOSIDE COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATION AND USE THEREOF
  申请人：Fruithy Holdings Limited

  公开号：US20200009258A1

  公开（公告）日：2020-01-09

  The present disclosure relates to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and particularly to a compound represented by Formula (I), a preparation method and medical use thereof. In the compound represented by Formula (I), a lactulosyl group is connected to a heteroatom of genin (G) via a glycosidic bond, wherein the genin (G) is a group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from a heteroatom of an active pharmaceutical molecule, and “ ” indicates that the lactulosyl group is connected to the heteroatom of the genin (G) via an α-glycosidic bond or a β-glycosidic bond. Pharmacokinetic experiments prove that the lactuloside compound according to the present disclosure can pass through the gastrointestinal tract of a mammal without being absorbed significantly by the gastrointestinal tract and hydrolyzed significantly by endogenous enzymes of a mammal host. Therefore, the lactuloside compound can arrive at the colon site of the mammal, and release an active drug in the colon under the action of colon flora. The lactuloside compound has a function of colon-localized drug release, and can be used for preventing or treating an intestinal disease.

  本公开涉及制药化学领域，特别是一种由化学式（I）表示的化合物，其制备方法和医药用途。在化学式（I）表示的化合物中，一种乳酰基通过糖苷键连接到基因（G）的杂原子上，其中基因（G）是通过从活性药物分子的杂原子中去除一个氢原子形成的基团，“ ”表示乳酰基通过α-糖苷键或β-糖苷键连接到基因（G）的杂原子上。药代动力学实验证明，根据本公开，乳酰苷化合物可以通过哺乳动物的胃肠道而不被胃肠道显著吸收，并且不被哺乳动物寄主的内源酶显著水解。因此，乳酰苷化合物可以到达哺乳动物的结肠部位，并在结肠菌群的作用下在结肠释放活性药物。乳酰苷化合物具有结肠定位药物释放的功能，可用于预防或治疗肠道疾病。
• 一种α-2,3羟乙酰唾液酸乳果糖的制备方法
  申请人：河南科技学院

  公开号：CN106632531B

  公开（公告）日：2019-02-22

  本发明公开了一种α‑2,3羟乙酰唾液酸乳果糖的制备方法，其特征在于：N‑羟乙酰甘露糖(即ManNGc)60～150重量份，丙酮酸钠120～200重量份，乳果糖60～100重量份，三磷酸胞苷钠(CTP)150～250重量份，溶于4000～8000重量份超纯水中，用4摩尔/升的NaOH调pH8.5，加入500～1000重量份1摩尔/升的pH8.5的Tris‑HCl；加入50～100重量份2摩尔/升的MgCl2；加入1～1.5重量份醛缩酶(Pm‑aldolase)，2.6～3.5重量份的CMP‑唾液酸转移酶(NmCSS)；3～4重量份的α‑2,3唾液酸苷转移酶(PmST1)。然后将混合物放入37℃气浴振荡器中，反应10～18小时。往反应液中加等体积95％乙醇，放入4℃冰箱中静置30min，然后在7000转/分下离心30min，上清液采用旋转蒸发浓缩。并冷冻干燥即为纯品。
• Structural analysis of novel kestose isomers isolated from sugar beet molasses
  作者：Norio Shiomi、Tatsuya Abe、Hiroto Kikuchi、Tsutomu Aritsuka、Yusuke Takata、Eri Fukushi、Yukiharu Fukushi、Jun Kawabata、Keiji Ueno、Shuichi Onodera

  DOI：10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.002

  日期：2016.4

  GC-FID and GC-MS analyses of methyl derivatives, MALD-TOF-MS measurements and NMR spectra were used to confirm the structural characteristics of the isomers. The (1)H and (13)C NMR signals of each isomer saccharide were assigned using COSY, E-HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC and H2BC techniques. These kestose isomers were identified as α-D-fructofuranosyl-(2- > 2)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 < ->2)-β-D-fructofuranoside

  通过碳-塞利特柱色谱法和HPLC从甜菜糖蜜中分离出八种Kestose异构体。甲基衍生物的GC-FID和GC-MS分析，MALD-TOF-MS测量和NMR光谱用于确认异构体的结构特征。使用COSY，E-HSQC，HSQC-TOCSY，HMBC和H2BC技术分配每种异构体糖的（1）H和（13）C NMR信号。这些异构体被鉴定为α-D-果糖呋喃糖基-（2-> 2）-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1 <-> 2）-β-D-果糖呋喃糖苷，α-D-果糖呋喃糖基-（2-> 3 ）-β-D-果糖呋喃糖基-（2 <-> 1）-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷，α-D-果糖呋喃糖基-（2-> 4）-β-D-果糖呋喃糖基-（2 <-> 1）-α -D-吡喃葡萄糖苷，β-D-果呋喃糖基-（2-> 4）-β-D-呋喃呋喃糖基-（2 <-> 1）-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷，β-D-呋喃呋喃糖基-（2-> 3） -α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1
• Synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose by wild-type and mutant β-galactosidase enzymes from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382
  作者：Huifang Yin、Lubbert Dijkhuizen、Sander S. van Leeuwen

  DOI：10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.009

  日期：2018.7

  R484H, were used to synthesize oligosaccharides from lactulose. In total, 9 oligosaccharide structures were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis. Trisaccharide β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Fru was the major structure produced by the wild-type enzyme, while the R484H mutant showed a preference for synthesis of β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Fru. Our study greatly enriched

  如今，源自乳果糖的低聚糖（β-D-Galp-（1→4）-D-Fru）由于对肠道消化的强大抵抗力以及发现新型益生元的兴趣而受到越来越多的关注。与低聚半乳糖相比，乳果糖寡糖的当前已知结构非常有限。在这项研究中，使用了环状芽孢杆菌ATCC 31382的野生型β-半乳糖苷酶BgaD-D以及衍生的突变体R484H，从乳果糖合成寡糖。总共，通过MALDI-TOF-MS和NMR光谱分析鉴定出9种寡糖结构。三糖β-D-Galp-（1→4）-β-D-Galp-（1→4）-D-Fru是野生型酶产生的主要结构，而R484H突变体显示了其合成的偏好性。 β-D-Galp-（1→3）-β-D-Galp-（1→4）-D-Fru。