The pharmacokinetics of benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) was studied in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley-rats were administered 0 or 100 mg/kg oxybenzone orally. Blood samples were collected from some rats for up to 20 hours post dosing and analyzed for plasma oxybenzone by high performance liquid chromatography. Urine, feces, and expired air samples were collected for up to 96 hours and analyzed for BZ-3 metabolites. Selected rats were killed 6 hours after dosing to determine the tissue distribution of BZ-3. The kinetic behavior of oxybenzone was investigated by applying the plasma BZ-3 data to standard pharmacokinetic models. The pharmacokinetic behavior of BZ-3 in the blood could be described by a two compartment model, the halflives for distribution and elimination being 0.88 and 15.90 hours, respectively. The absorption halflife was 0.71 hour. The maximum plasma concentration, 25.6 micrograms per milliliter, occurred 3 hours after dosing. The liver had the largest total concentration of BZ-3, 6.47% of the dose, followed by the kidney, spleen, intestines, and heart in that order. BZ-3 was detected in the testes only after acid hydrolysis and in only one of six rats; however, the concentration represented 1.8% of the dose. Approximately 60% of the dose was excreted in the urine and feces over 96 hours. Urine was the predominant route of excretion. Most of the excreted dose consisted of compounds conjugated with macromolecules. Enzyme hydrolysis of the urine samples with beta-glucuronidase showed that most of the excreted dose was conjugated with glucuronic-acid. Identified metabolites included 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone. The authors conclude that following oral administration, oxybenzone is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed primarily to the liver, kidneys, and testes, indicating that the liver may be the major organ involved in BZ-3 elimination.
Metabolism of the ultraviolet absorber benzophenone-3 (BZ3) by Sprague-Dawley-rats was studied. Rats were fed 100 mg/kg BZ3 by gavage and blood, tissue, urine, and fecal samples were examined at various time points. BZ3 and its metabolites were identified in plasma as soon as 5 minutes after administration. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone were detected in the blood after 30 minutes. DHB was the major metabolite found in tissue, urine, and fecal samples. The parent compound and metabolites appeared bound to macromolecules or in conjugated forms in plasma, as free compounds and conjugates in tissues, and extensively conjugated in feces and urine. The primary route of elimination was urinary and O-dealkylation was found to be the major metabolic pathway.
The metabolism and fate of benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley-rats and male B6C3F1-mice after oral administration of 100mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at 5 minutes to 20 hours after administration. For a tissue distribution study, tissue samples were obtained 6 hours after administration of the BZ-3. For urinary and fecal excretion studies, mice and rats were placed in glass metabolism cages for 96 hours after administration of BZ-3. In rats, BZ-3 exhibited a biphasic elimination in plasma with alpha and beta elimination half lives of 0.9 and 15.9 hours, as compared to a single phase elimination half life of 1.8 hours in mice. Absorption was faster and peak plasma concentrations were reached faster in mice than rats. In the tissues studied, accumulation of the parent compound was highest in the liver, with higher amounts in the rat than mouse. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) was the major metabolite in the tissues, with higher amounts detected in the rat than the mouse. In rats, the urine was the major route of excretion of BZ-3 and DHB. In mice, elimination was divided between the urine and feces, with 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB) as the primary metabolite. Trace amounts of 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) were found in the urine and feces of both species. The peak excretion in the urine of both the parent compound and DHB was earlier in rats than in mice. Most of the excretion of the BZ-3 and DHB in the feces was complete within 24 hours for both species, although the total fecal excretion for the parent compound was almost double in mice than rats, and for DHB was significantly less in mice than rats. The authors postulate that variations in the absorption rates, distribution patterns, and metabolism of BZ-3 in rats and mice may be related to species specific quantitative and qualitative differences in enzyme activities.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2,2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (dioxybenzone) is a solid, which is used as a benzophenone sunscreen agent. Many sunscreens contain UVA-absorbing avobenzone or a benzophenone (such as dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, or sulisobenzone), in addition to UVB-absorbing chemical ingredients (some of which also contribute to UVA protection). HUMAN STUDIES: There are no human toxicity studies available. Although it has been suggested that benzophenone derivatives may protect against photosensitivity reactions to photosensitizing drugs (e.g., chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, demeclocycline, hydrochlorothiazide, nalidixic acid, nystatin, sulfisoxazole), most clinicians agree that these sunscreens provide, at most, only limited protection for patients who are sensitive to these drugs. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dioxybenzone was nonmutagenic when assayed directly and was weakly mutagenic with metabolic activation in Salmonella strain TA1537. Dioxybenzone was not mutagenic in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test. In mice, signs of toxicity including decreased activity, piloerection, and exophthalmus were observed at doses of 166-5000 mg/kg. Dioxybenzone given orally delayed skin tumors and inhibited tumor incidence and tumor burden in the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Dioxybenzone was more toxic to the two tested coral species than other benzophenone derivatives.
Amiodarone hydrochloride is currently being investigated in the United States as a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent. Previous reports from Europe indicate that amiodarone occasionally causes a cutaneous photosensitivity reaction that may be associated with a peculiar blue-gray discoloration of the skin. In addition, corneal microdeposits of yellow-brown granules may occur. We report observations on a case of amiodarone photosensitivity and corneal deposits developing in a patient shortly after amiodarone therapy was begun. Symptoms included burning and stinging of the skin, with redness and swelling that developed immediately after sun exposure. Phototesting showed that the photoactivating wavelengths were primarily in the long-wave UV-A spectrum between 350 and 380 nm. Prior application of a 10% dioxybenzone sunscreen greatly reduced the phototest reaction. Four weeks after the patient stopped taking amiodarone, the UV-A sensitivity was still present but diminished, and by ten weeks it had disappeared. During this time, the corneal deposits were reduced in number. All ten patients we have treated so far with amiodarone for cardiac arrhythmias have shown a similar photosensitivity, indicating that this is probably a phototoxic reaction.
Sunscreens are widely utilized due to the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. The safety of their active ingredients as well as that of any modified versions generated during use is thus of concern. Chlorine is used as a chemical disinfectant in swimming pools. Its reactivity suggests sunscreen components might be chlorinated, altering their absorptive and/or cytotoxic properties. To test this hypothesis, the UV-filters oxybenzone, dioxybenzone, and sulisobenzone were reacted with chlorinating agents and their UV spectra analyzed. In all cases, a decrease in UV absorbance was observed. Given that chlorinated compounds can be cytotoxic, the effect of modified UV-filters on cell viability was examined. Chlorinated oxybenzone and dioxybenzone caused significantly more cell death than unchlorinated controls. In contrast, chlorination of sulisobenzone actually reduced cytotoxicity of the parent compound. Exposing a commercially available sunscreen product to chlorine also resulted in decreased UV absorbance, loss of UV protection, and enhanced cytotoxicity. These observations show chlorination of sunscreen active ingredients can dramatically decrease UV absorption and generate derivatives with altered biological properties.
BACKGROUND: Sunscreen compounds with added benefit of skin cancer prevention have both public and commercial interests. Our earlier study using the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in vitro assay reported on skin cancer chemoprevention potential of benzophenone sunscreens. We now report the in vivo antitumor activity of two of the benzophenone sunscreens which tested positively in the in vitro assay, octabenzone (UV-1) and dioxybenzone (UV-2), in the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model using (+/-)-(E)-4-methyl-2-[-(E)-hydroxyamino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexanamide (NOR-1) as inducer and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as promoter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathogen-free, female hairless mice of HOS:HR-1 strain, 15 animals per control and test groups, were used. Skin tumors were induced by a single dose of NOR-1 (390 nmol in 100 uL of acetone). One week later, TPA (1.7 nmol in 100 uL of acetone) was applied to skin twice weekly for 20 weeks as tumor a promoter. The test compounds UV-I or UV-2 were administered at 0.0025% to mice through drinking water ad libitum, starting one week prior to and stopping one week after tumor initiation. All animals were examined weekly for the development of skin papillomas. RESULTS: In both UV-1- and UV-2-treated mice, a two-week delay in tumor appearance, and significant inhibition (p<0.001) of tumor incidence (50% and 60%, respectively) and tumor burden (papilloma inhibition/mouse, 50% and 70%, respectively) were observed when compared to the positive control group. UV-2 (dihydroxy derivative) was a more potent inhibitor of skin tumor than UV-1 (monohydroxy derivative), which followed their antioxidant activity ranking. CONCLUSION: The results affirm the skin cancer chemoprevention potential of orally-ingested benzophenone sunscreens in mice and warrant studies in humans to validate synergistic protection achievable by complementation of oral and topical sunscreen usage.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
相互作用
这项研究旨在根据光化学和药代动力学(PK)数据对局部应用的化学物质的日光安全性筛选进行评估。选择了六种苯甲酮衍生物(BZPs)作为模型化合物,并进行了体外光化学/光毒性表征和皮肤贴剂剂量PK研究。为了比较,还进行了一项体内光毒性测试。所有BZPs都表现出强烈的UVA/UVB吸收,摩尔消光系数超过2000 M(-1) x cm(-1),并且苯甲酮和酮洛芬在模拟日光暴露下(约2.0 mW/sq cm)产生了显著的活性氧种(ROS);然而,.sulisobenzone和dioxybenzone的ROS生成可以忽略不计。为了验证体外光毒性,进行了一项3T3中性红摄取光毒性测试,并将苯甲酮和酮洛芬归类为光毒性化学物质。酮洛芬的皮肤PK参数表明,在所有测试的BZPs中,酮洛芬的皮肤分布最高。根据其体外光化学/光毒性和PK数据,酮洛芬被推断为高度光毒性。根据提出的筛选策略,BZPs预测的光毒性风险等级与体内光毒性测试结果几乎一致。光化学和贴剂剂量PK数据的联合使用将为具有高生产力的候选物质提供可靠的光毒性风险评估。
This study aimed to qualify photosafety screening on the basis of photochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) data on dermally applied chemicals. Six benzophenone derivatives (BZPs) were selected as model compounds, and in vitro photochemical/phototoxic characterization and dermal cassette-dosing PK study were carried out. For comparison, an in vivo phototoxicity test was also conducted. All of the BZPs exhibited strong UVA/UVB absorption with molar extinction coefficients of over 2000 M(-1) x cm(-1), and benzophenone and ketoprofen exhibited significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon exposure to simulated sunlight (about 2.0 mW/sq cm); however, ROS generation from sulisobenzone and dioxybenzone was negligible. To verify in vitro phototoxicity, a 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test was carried out, and benzophenone and ketoprofen were categorized to be phototoxic chemicals. The dermal PK parameters of ketoprofen were indicative of the highest dermal distribution of all BZPs tested. On the basis of its in vitro photochemical/phototoxic and PK data, ketoprofen was deduced to be highly phototoxic. The rank of predicted phototoxic risk of BZPs on the basis of the proposed screening strategy was almost in agreement with the results from the in vivo phototoxicity test. The combined use of photochemical and cassette-dosing PK data would provide reliable predictions of phototoxic risk for candidates with high productivity.
Dioxybenzone is a derivative of benzophenone. In monkeys, percutaneous absorption of benzophenone was observed. Other derivatives of benzophenone are capable of crossing the skin via direct penetration through the intercellular laminae of the stratum corneum (SC) or by passive diffusion by high-concentration gradient into the systemic circulation, where they are transported to different tissues including liver and brain.
Information on the cutaneous absorption, distribution, and elimination of most topically applied sunscreen agents is limited. Solvents used in sunscreen products affect the stability and binding of the drug to the skin; in general, alcoholic solvents allow for the most rapid and deepest epidermal penetration of sunscreens. It appears that sunscreen agents are absorbed by the intact epidermis to varying degrees. /Sunscreens/
PHOTOPROTECTIVE COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING PHOTOSENSITIVE 1,3,5-TRIAZINE COMPOUNDS, DIBENZOYLMETHANE COMPOUNDS AND SILICEOUS S-TRIAZINES SUBSTITUTED WITH TWO AMINOBENZOATE OR AMINOBENZAMIDE GROUPS
申请人:L'OREAL
公开号:US20170135933A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-18
UV-photoprotective, topically applicable cosmetic/dermatological compositions contain:
(a) at least one dibenzoylmethane compound,
(b) at least one 1,3,5-triazine compound that is photosensitive in the presence of a dibenzoylmethane compound, and
(c) at least one siliceous s-triazine compound substituted with two aminobenzoate or aminobenzamide groups, or a tautomeric form thereof, the 1,3,5-triazine compounds being improvedly photostable in such compositions.
A compound represented by the following Formula (1):
wherein, Het
1
represents a bivalent five- or six-membered aromatic heterocyclic residue and may further be substituted; X
a
to X
d
each independently represent a heteroatom and may further be substituted; Y
a
to Y
f
each independently represent a heteroatom or a carbon atom and may further be substituted; the ring bound to Het
1
may have a double bond at any position
The present invention relates to extracts of
Isochrysis
sp., preferably Tahitian
Isochrysis,
its cosmetic, dermatological and/or therapeutic uses and compositions and cosmetic, dermatological or therapeutic products comprising such an extract of
Isochrysis
sp., preferably Tahitian
Isochrysis.
[EN] CONTROLLED-DELIVERY CROMAKALIM PRODRUGS<br/>[FR] PROMÉDICAMENTS DE CROMAKALIM À LIBÉRATION CONTRÔLÉE
申请人:QLARIS BIO INC
公开号:WO2021119503A1
公开(公告)日:2021-06-17
The present invention provides cromakalim prodrugs, compositions, and their use for the modulation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels for therapeutic purposes.
[EN] COMPOUNDS AND METHODS USE<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ET MÉTHODES D'UTILISATION
申请人:SIGNUM BIOSCIENCES INC
公开号:WO2018132759A1
公开(公告)日:2018-07-19
The present invention provides compounds useful in treating or preventing inflammation, acne, bacterial conditions and promoting the appearance of healthy skin and compositions including these compounds.