2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮 | 131-53-3

• 物质功能分类: 催化剂及助剂 - 紫外线吸收剂
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 苯类化合物 - 苯和取代衍生物
• 中文名称: 2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮
• 中文别名: 2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯酮；2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮；二羟苯宗；2,2'-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮；2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基-2-羟苯基甲撑酮；紫外线吸收剂UV-24；双羟苯宗；2,2’-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮；2,2''-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮；2,2"-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮；BP-8；UV-24
• 英文名称: (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(2-hydroxyphenyl)-methanone
• 英文别名: 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone；dioxybenzone；benzophenone-8；2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone；(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanone
• CAS: 131-53-3
• 化学式: C₁₄H₁₂O₄
• mdl: MFCD00002218
• 分子量: 244.247
• InChiKey: MEZZCSHVIGVWFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  73-75 °C(lit.)
• 沸点：
  170-175 °C1 mm Hg(lit.)
• 密度：
  1.2379 (rough estimate)
• 溶解度：
  可溶于DMSO（少许）、甲醇（少许）
• LogP：
  2.33 at 23.5℃
• 物理描述：
  2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone is a yellow powder. (NTP, 1992)
• 颜色/状态：
  Yellow powder
• 蒸汽压力：
  1.94X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
• 稳定性/保质期：

  不易燃、不腐蚀，无毒。

• 分解：
  Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions: Carbon oxides
• 解离常数：
  pKa = 6.78 (est)
• 碰撞截面：
  150 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  3.3
• 重原子数：
  18
• 可旋转键数：
  3
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.071
• 拓扑面积：
  66.8
• 氢给体数：
  2
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

无药代动力学数据可用。

No pharmacokinetic data available.

来源:DrugBank

代谢

研究了苯甲酮-3（BZ-3）在大鼠体内的药物动力学。给雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠口服0或100毫克/千克氧苯酮。从一些大鼠中采集血样，时间长达20小时，并使用高效液相色谱法分析血浆中的氧苯酮。收集尿液、粪便和呼出气体样本，时间长达96小时，并分析BZ-3的代谢物。在给药后6小时处死选定的大鼠，以确定BZ-3的组织分布。通过将血浆BZ-3数据应用于标准药物动力学模型来研究氧苯酮的动力学行为。BZ-3在血液中的药物动力学行为可以用双室模型描述，分布和消除的半衰期分别为0.88小时和15.90小时。吸收半衰期为0.71小时。血浆中最高浓度为25.6微克/毫升，发生在给药后3小时。肝脏具有最高的BZ-3总浓度，占剂量的6.47%，其次是肾脏、脾脏、肠道和心脏。仅在酸水解后，在6只大鼠中的1只大鼠的睾丸中检测到BZ-3，但浓度占剂量的1.8%。大约60%的剂量在96小时内通过尿液和粪便排出。尿液是主要的排泄途径。大部分排出的剂量是由与高分子物质结合的化合物组成。对尿液样本进行β-葡萄糖醛酸酶水解显示，大部分排出的剂量与葡萄糖醛酸结合。已鉴定的代谢物包括2,4-二羟基苯甲酮、2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮和2,3,4-三羟基苯甲酮。作者结论，口服给药后，氧苯酮从胃肠道迅速吸收并主要分布到肝脏、肾脏和睾丸，表明肝脏可能是BZ-3消除的主要器官。

The pharmacokinetics of benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) was studied in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley-rats were administered 0 or 100 mg/kg oxybenzone orally. Blood samples were collected from some rats for up to 20 hours post dosing and analyzed for plasma oxybenzone by high performance liquid chromatography. Urine, feces, and expired air samples were collected for up to 96 hours and analyzed for BZ-3 metabolites. Selected rats were killed 6 hours after dosing to determine the tissue distribution of BZ-3. The kinetic behavior of oxybenzone was investigated by applying the plasma BZ-3 data to standard pharmacokinetic models. The pharmacokinetic behavior of BZ-3 in the blood could be described by a two compartment model, the halflives for distribution and elimination being 0.88 and 15.90 hours, respectively. The absorption halflife was 0.71 hour. The maximum plasma concentration, 25.6 micrograms per milliliter, occurred 3 hours after dosing. The liver had the largest total concentration of BZ-3, 6.47% of the dose, followed by the kidney, spleen, intestines, and heart in that order. BZ-3 was detected in the testes only after acid hydrolysis and in only one of six rats; however, the concentration represented 1.8% of the dose. Approximately 60% of the dose was excreted in the urine and feces over 96 hours. Urine was the predominant route of excretion. Most of the excreted dose consisted of compounds conjugated with macromolecules. Enzyme hydrolysis of the urine samples with beta-glucuronidase showed that most of the excreted dose was conjugated with glucuronic-acid. Identified metabolites included 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone. The authors conclude that following oral administration, oxybenzone is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed primarily to the liver, kidneys, and testes, indicating that the liver may be the major organ involved in BZ-3 elimination.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

对 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠紫外线吸收剂苯甲酮-3（BZ3）的代谢进行了研究。通过灌胃给大鼠喂食100 mg/kg BZ3，并在不同时间点检查血液、组织、尿液和粪便样本。给药后5分钟内在血浆中即可识别出BZ3及其代谢物。给药后30分钟，在血液中检测到2,4-二羟基苯甲酮（DHB）、2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮和2,3,4-三羟基苯甲酮。DHB是在组织、尿液和粪便样本中发现的主要代谢物。母体化合物和代谢物在血浆中与大分子结合或以结合形式存在，在组织中以自由化合物和结合物存在，在粪便和尿液中广泛结合。主要的消除途径是尿液，发现O-脱烷基化是主要的代谢途径。

Metabolism of the ultraviolet absorber benzophenone-3 (BZ3) by Sprague-Dawley-rats was studied. Rats were fed 100 mg/kg BZ3 by gavage and blood, tissue, urine, and fecal samples were examined at various time points. BZ3 and its metabolites were identified in plasma as soon as 5 minutes after administration. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone were detected in the blood after 30 minutes. DHB was the major metabolite found in tissue, urine, and fecal samples. The parent compound and metabolites appeared bound to macromolecules or in conjugated forms in plasma, as free compounds and conjugates in tissues, and extensively conjugated in feces and urine. The primary route of elimination was urinary and O-dealkylation was found to be the major metabolic pathway.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

研究了苯并苯丙酮-3（BZ-3）在雄性SD大鼠和雄性B6C3F1小鼠体内的代谢和命运，这些动物在口服100mg/kg体重剂量的BZ-3后进行了实验。血液样本在给药后5分钟到20小时内收集。为了进行组织分布研究，在给药后6小时获取了组织样本。为了进行尿液和粪便排泄研究，将小鼠和大鼠放置在玻璃代谢笼中，从给药后96小时内收集排泄物。在大鼠中，BZ-3在血浆中的消除表现出双相性，α和β消除半衰期分别为0.9和15.9小时，而在小鼠中则为单一相消除，半衰期为1.8小时。小鼠的吸收速度比大鼠快，达到血浆峰浓度的时间也更短。在研究的组织中，母化合物在肝脏中的积累最高，在大鼠中的量比小鼠多。2,4-二羟基苯并苯酮（DHB）是组织中的主要代谢物，在大鼠中检测到的量比小鼠多。在大鼠中，尿液是BZ-3和DHB的主要排泄途径。在小鼠中，消除在尿液和粪便之间分配，2,3,4-三羟基苯并苯酮（THB）是主要的代谢物。在两个物种的尿液和粪便中均检测到微量的2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯并苯酮（DHMB）。在大鼠和小鼠的尿液中，母化合物和DHB的排泄峰出现得更早。对于BZ-3和DHB在粪便中的排泄，两个物种在24小时内基本完成，尽管母化合物在小鼠中的总粪便排泄量几乎是大鼠的两倍，而DHB在小鼠中的排泄量显著少于大鼠。作者推测，大鼠和小鼠在吸收速率、分布模式和代谢方面的差异可能与物种特定的酶活性在数量和质量上的差异有关。

The metabolism and fate of benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley-rats and male B6C3F1-mice after oral administration of 100mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at 5 minutes to 20 hours after administration. For a tissue distribution study, tissue samples were obtained 6 hours after administration of the BZ-3. For urinary and fecal excretion studies, mice and rats were placed in glass metabolism cages for 96 hours after administration of BZ-3. In rats, BZ-3 exhibited a biphasic elimination in plasma with alpha and beta elimination half lives of 0.9 and 15.9 hours, as compared to a single phase elimination half life of 1.8 hours in mice. Absorption was faster and peak plasma concentrations were reached faster in mice than rats. In the tissues studied, accumulation of the parent compound was highest in the liver, with higher amounts in the rat than mouse. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) was the major metabolite in the tissues, with higher amounts detected in the rat than the mouse. In rats, the urine was the major route of excretion of BZ-3 and DHB. In mice, elimination was divided between the urine and feces, with 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB) as the primary metabolite. Trace amounts of 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) were found in the urine and feces of both species. The peak excretion in the urine of both the parent compound and DHB was earlier in rats than in mice. Most of the excretion of the BZ-3 and DHB in the feces was complete within 24 hours for both species, although the total fecal excretion for the parent compound was almost double in mice than rats, and for DHB was significantly less in mice than rats. The authors postulate that variations in the absorption rates, distribution patterns, and metabolism of BZ-3 in rats and mice may be related to species specific quantitative and qualitative differences in enzyme activities.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别和使用：2,2'-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮（dioxybenzone）是一种固体，用作苯甲酮防晒剂。许多防晒霜除了含有吸收UVB的化学成分外（其中一些也助于UVA防护），还含有吸收UVA的阿伏苯宗或一种苯甲酮（如dioxybenzone，oxybenzone或sulisobenzone）。人体研究：没有可用的毒性研究。尽管有人建议苯甲酮衍生物可能防止对光敏药物的感光反应（例如，氯氮卓，氯丙嗪，地美洛西林，氢氯噻嗪，萘啶酸，制霉菌素，磺胺异噁唑），但大多数临床医生认为这些防晒霜最多只为对这些药物敏感的患者提供有限的保护。动物研究：在直接检测时，dioxybenzone没有诱变性，但在代谢激活的情况下，对Salmonella strain TA1537具有弱诱变性。在体内小鼠微核试验中，dioxybenzone没有诱变性。在小鼠中，观察到剂量为166-5000 mg/kg时的毒性迹象，包括活动减少，毛发直立和眼球突出。口服dioxybenzone在小鼠皮肤致癌二阶段模型中延迟皮肤肿瘤的出现，并抑制肿瘤发生率和肿瘤负担。生态毒性研究：与其它苯甲酮衍生物相比，dioxybenzone对两种测试珊瑚的毒性更大。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2,2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (dioxybenzone) is a solid, which is used as a benzophenone sunscreen agent. Many sunscreens contain UVA-absorbing avobenzone or a benzophenone (such as dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, or sulisobenzone), in addition to UVB-absorbing chemical ingredients (some of which also contribute to UVA protection). HUMAN STUDIES: There are no human toxicity studies available. Although it has been suggested that benzophenone derivatives may protect against photosensitivity reactions to photosensitizing drugs (e.g., chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, demeclocycline, hydrochlorothiazide, nalidixic acid, nystatin, sulfisoxazole), most clinicians agree that these sunscreens provide, at most, only limited protection for patients who are sensitive to these drugs. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dioxybenzone was nonmutagenic when assayed directly and was weakly mutagenic with metabolic activation in Salmonella strain TA1537. Dioxybenzone was not mutagenic in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test. In mice, signs of toxicity including decreased activity, piloerection, and exophthalmus were observed at doses of 166-5000 mg/kg. Dioxybenzone given orally delayed skin tumors and inhibited tumor incidence and tumor burden in the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Dioxybenzone was more toxic to the two tested coral species than other benzophenone derivatives.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

盐酸胺碘酮目前在美国作为抗心律失常药物正在进行研究。来自欧洲的先前的报告表明，胺碘酮偶尔会导致一种皮肤光敏反应，可能会伴有皮肤特有的蓝灰色色素沉着。此外，角膜可能会出现黄色或棕色微粒的微沉积。我们报告了一例在患者开始使用胺碘酮治疗不久后发生的胺碘酮光敏性和角膜沉积物的观察结果。症状包括皮肤灼热和刺痛，以及日晒后立即出现的红肿。光测试表明，光激活波长主要在长波UV-A光谱范围内，介于350到380纳米。预先应用10%二氧苯宗防晒霜大大减少了光测试反应。患者停用胺碘酮四周后，UV-A敏感性仍然存在但有所减弱，到了十周时已经消失。在这段时间内，角膜沉积物数量减少。到目前为止，我们用胺碘酮治疗的所有十名心律不齐患者都表现出了类似的光敏性，这表明这很可能是光毒性反应。

Amiodarone hydrochloride is currently being investigated in the United States as a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent. Previous reports from Europe indicate that amiodarone occasionally causes a cutaneous photosensitivity reaction that may be associated with a peculiar blue-gray discoloration of the skin. In addition, corneal microdeposits of yellow-brown granules may occur. We report observations on a case of amiodarone photosensitivity and corneal deposits developing in a patient shortly after amiodarone therapy was begun. Symptoms included burning and stinging of the skin, with redness and swelling that developed immediately after sun exposure. Phototesting showed that the photoactivating wavelengths were primarily in the long-wave UV-A spectrum between 350 and 380 nm. Prior application of a 10% dioxybenzone sunscreen greatly reduced the phototest reaction. Four weeks after the patient stopped taking amiodarone, the UV-A sensitivity was still present but diminished, and by ten weeks it had disappeared. During this time, the corneal deposits were reduced in number. All ten patients we have treated so far with amiodarone for cardiac arrhythmias have shown a similar photosensitivity, indicating that this is probably a phototoxic reaction.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

防晒霜因紫外线（UV）辐射对人类健康的负面影响而被广泛使用。因此，人们关注防晒霜活性成分及其在使用过程中产生的任何改性版本的安全性。游泳池中使用氯作为化学消毒剂。其反应性表明防晒霜成分可能会被氯化，从而改变它们的吸收性和/或细胞毒性。为了验证这一假设，将紫外线过滤剂氧苯酮、二氧苯酮和磺苯酮与氯化剂反应，并分析了它们的紫外线光谱。在所有情况下，都观察到了紫外线吸收的下降。考虑到氯化化合物可能具有细胞毒性，因此检查了改性紫外线过滤剂对细胞活性的影响。氯化氧苯酮和二氧苯酮导致的细胞死亡显著高于未氯化对照。相比之下，磺苯酮的氯化实际上降低了母化合物的细胞毒性。将一种商业防晒产品暴露于氯也会导致紫外线吸收下降、紫外线保护损失和细胞毒性增强。这些观察结果表明，防晒霜活性成分的氯化会显著降低紫外线吸收，并生成具有改变生物学性质的衍生物。

Sunscreens are widely utilized due to the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. The safety of their active ingredients as well as that of any modified versions generated during use is thus of concern. Chlorine is used as a chemical disinfectant in swimming pools. Its reactivity suggests sunscreen components might be chlorinated, altering their absorptive and/or cytotoxic properties. To test this hypothesis, the UV-filters oxybenzone, dioxybenzone, and sulisobenzone were reacted with chlorinating agents and their UV spectra analyzed. In all cases, a decrease in UV absorbance was observed. Given that chlorinated compounds can be cytotoxic, the effect of modified UV-filters on cell viability was examined. Chlorinated oxybenzone and dioxybenzone caused significantly more cell death than unchlorinated controls. In contrast, chlorination of sulisobenzone actually reduced cytotoxicity of the parent compound. Exposing a commercially available sunscreen product to chlorine also resulted in decreased UV absorbance, loss of UV protection, and enhanced cytotoxicity. These observations show chlorination of sunscreen active ingredients can dramatically decrease UV absorption and generate derivatives with altered biological properties.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

背景：具有预防皮肤癌额外好处的防晒化合物既有公众兴趣也有商业利益。我们早期使用爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒早期抗原体外分析的研究报告了苯甲酮类防晒霜对皮肤癌化学预防的潜力。我们现在报告在体外分析中测试呈阳性的两种苯甲酮类防晒霜，即奥克巴宗（UV-1）和二氧苯宗（UV-2），在小鼠皮肤致癌两阶段模型中的体内抗肿瘤活性，使用(+/-)-(E)-4-甲基-2-[-(E)-羟基氨基]-5-硝基-6-甲氧基-3-己酰胺（NOR-1）作为诱导剂和12-O-十四烷基佛波醇-13-醋酸（TPA）作为促进剂。 材料和方法：使用HOS:HR-1株的无病原体、雌性无毛小鼠，每组15只动物。通过单次剂量NOR-1（390 nmol溶于100 uL丙酮中）诱导皮肤肿瘤。一周后，将TPA（1.7 nmol溶于100 uL丙酮中）作为肿瘤促进剂，每周两次涂抹于皮肤上，持续20周。测试化合物UV-I或UV-2以0.0025%的浓度通过自由饮水给予小鼠，从肿瘤发生前一周开始，并在肿瘤发生后一周停止。所有动物每周检查一次皮肤乳头状瘤的发展。 结果：在UV-1和UV-2处理的小鼠中，与阳性对照组相比，观察到肿瘤出现延迟了两周，肿瘤发生率显著抑制（p<0.001）（分别为50%和60%）和肿瘤负担（每只小鼠的乳头状瘤抑制，分别为50%和70%）。UV-2（二羟基衍生物）比UV-1（单羟基衍生物）对皮肤肿瘤的抑制作用更强，这与它们的抗氧化活性排名一致。 结论：结果确认了口服摄入苯甲酮类防晒霜在小鼠中预防皮肤癌的潜力，并有必要在人类中进行研究，以验证通过口服和外用防晒霜使用的互补保护所实现的协同作用。

BACKGROUND: Sunscreen compounds with added benefit of skin cancer prevention have both public and commercial interests. Our earlier study using the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in vitro assay reported on skin cancer chemoprevention potential of benzophenone sunscreens. We now report the in vivo antitumor activity of two of the benzophenone sunscreens which tested positively in the in vitro assay, octabenzone (UV-1) and dioxybenzone (UV-2), in the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model using (+/-)-(E)-4-methyl-2-[-(E)-hydroxyamino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexanamide (NOR-1) as inducer and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as promoter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathogen-free, female hairless mice of HOS:HR-1 strain, 15 animals per control and test groups, were used. Skin tumors were induced by a single dose of NOR-1 (390 nmol in 100 uL of acetone). One week later, TPA (1.7 nmol in 100 uL of acetone) was applied to skin twice weekly for 20 weeks as tumor a promoter. The test compounds UV-I or UV-2 were administered at 0.0025% to mice through drinking water ad libitum, starting one week prior to and stopping one week after tumor initiation. All animals were examined weekly for the development of skin papillomas. RESULTS: In both UV-1- and UV-2-treated mice, a two-week delay in tumor appearance, and significant inhibition (p<0.001) of tumor incidence (50% and 60%, respectively) and tumor burden (papilloma inhibition/mouse, 50% and 70%, respectively) were observed when compared to the positive control group. UV-2 (dihydroxy derivative) was a more potent inhibitor of skin tumor than UV-1 (monohydroxy derivative), which followed their antioxidant activity ranking. CONCLUSION: The results affirm the skin cancer chemoprevention potential of orally-ingested benzophenone sunscreens in mice and warrant studies in humans to validate synergistic protection achievable by complementation of oral and topical sunscreen usage.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

这项研究旨在根据光化学和药代动力学（PK）数据对局部应用的化学物质的日光安全性筛选进行评估。选择了六种苯甲酮衍生物（BZPs）作为模型化合物，并进行了体外光化学/光毒性表征和皮肤贴剂剂量PK研究。为了比较，还进行了一项体内光毒性测试。所有BZPs都表现出强烈的UVA/UVB吸收，摩尔消光系数超过2000 M(-1) x cm(-1)，并且苯甲酮和酮洛芬在模拟日光暴露下（约2.0 mW/sq cm）产生了显著的活性氧种（ROS）；然而，.sulisobenzone和dioxybenzone的ROS生成可以忽略不计。为了验证体外光毒性，进行了一项3T3中性红摄取光毒性测试，并将苯甲酮和酮洛芬归类为光毒性化学物质。酮洛芬的皮肤PK参数表明，在所有测试的BZPs中，酮洛芬的皮肤分布最高。根据其体外光化学/光毒性和PK数据，酮洛芬被推断为高度光毒性。根据提出的筛选策略，BZPs预测的光毒性风险等级与体内光毒性测试结果几乎一致。光化学和贴剂剂量PK数据的联合使用将为具有高生产力的候选物质提供可靠的光毒性风险评估。

This study aimed to qualify photosafety screening on the basis of photochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) data on dermally applied chemicals. Six benzophenone derivatives (BZPs) were selected as model compounds, and in vitro photochemical/phototoxic characterization and dermal cassette-dosing PK study were carried out. For comparison, an in vivo phototoxicity test was also conducted. All of the BZPs exhibited strong UVA/UVB absorption with molar extinction coefficients of over 2000 M(-1) x cm(-1), and benzophenone and ketoprofen exhibited significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon exposure to simulated sunlight (about 2.0 mW/sq cm); however, ROS generation from sulisobenzone and dioxybenzone was negligible. To verify in vitro phototoxicity, a 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test was carried out, and benzophenone and ketoprofen were categorized to be phototoxic chemicals. The dermal PK parameters of ketoprofen were indicative of the highest dermal distribution of all BZPs tested. On the basis of its in vitro photochemical/phototoxic and PK data, ketoprofen was deduced to be highly phototoxic. The rank of predicted phototoxic risk of BZPs on the basis of the proposed screening strategy was almost in agreement with the results from the in vivo phototoxicity test. The combined use of photochemical and cassette-dosing PK data would provide reliable predictions of phototoxic risk for candidates with high productivity.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

二氧苯宗是苯甲酮的衍生物。在猴子身上观察到苯甲酮的经皮吸收。苯甲酮的其他衍生物能够通过直接穿透角质层（SC）的细胞间层或通过高浓度梯度被动扩散进入系统循环，从而穿过皮肤，它们在被输送到包括肝脏和大脑在内的不同组织中。

Dioxybenzone is a derivative of benzophenone. In monkeys, percutaneous absorption of benzophenone was observed. Other derivatives of benzophenone are capable of crossing the skin via direct penetration through the intercellular laminae of the stratum corneum (SC) or by passive diffusion by high-concentration gradient into the systemic circulation, where they are transported to different tissues including liver and brain.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

无药代动力学数据可用。

No pharmacokinetic data available.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

无药物动力学数据可用。

No pharmacokinetic data available.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 清除

无药物动力学数据可用。

No pharmacokinetic data available.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

大多数局部应用的防晒剂在皮肤吸收、分布和消除方面的信息有限。防晒产品中使用的溶剂会影响药物与皮肤的稳定性和结合；一般来说，醇类溶剂允许防晒剂最快速和最深层次地穿透表皮。似乎防晒剂被完整的表皮以不同程度吸收。/防晒霜/

Information on the cutaneous absorption, distribution, and elimination of most topically applied sunscreen agents is limited. Solvents used in sunscreen products affect the stability and binding of the drug to the skin; in general, alcoholic solvents allow for the most rapid and deepest epidermal penetration of sunscreens. It appears that sunscreen agents are absorbed by the intact epidermis to varying degrees. /Sunscreens/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  Xi
• 安全说明：
  S26,S36
• 危险类别码：
  R36/37/38
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  2914509090
• 危险品运输编号：
  25kgs