Should Consumers Be Priced Out of Pollution-Permit Markets?
摘要:
The authors present a simple diagrammatic exposition of a pollution-permit market in which both firms that generate pollution and consumers who are harmed by pollution are allowed to purchase permits at a single market price. They show that the market equilibrium is efficient if and only if the endowment of permits is equal to the efficient level of pollution. Furthermore, if consumers actually participate in the market, then the equilibrium is not efficient. Welfare can be improved by decreasing the endowment of permits and thereby pricing consumers out of the market.
A synthesis of cyclo-2,3-diphospho-D-glycerate from D-mannitol
作者:Albrecht Berkessel、Urs Geisel、David A. Hérault
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(95)02154-x
日期:1996.1
cyclo-2,3-Diphospho-D-glycerate (c-DPG) was synthesized fromD-mannitol in seven steps on a gram-scale. Key feature of the synthetic route is the cyclization of methyl 2,3-diphospho-D-glycerate using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The preparation described makes the natural product c-DPG available on a larger scale for the first time.
Indenylidene Complexes of Ruthenium: Optimized Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Performance as Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis—Application to the Synthesis of the ADE-Ring System of Nakadomarin A
complex 3 is as good as or even superior to the classical Grubbs carbene 1 in terms of yield, reaction rate, and tolerance towards polar functional groups. Complex 3 turns out to be the catalyst of choice for the synthesis of the enantiopure core segment 77 of the marine alkaloid nakadomarin A 60 comprising the ADE rings of this target. Together with a series of other examples, this particular application