Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Ureidofibrate-Like Derivatives Endowed with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activity
摘要:
A series of ureidofibrate-like derivatives was prepared and assayed for their PPAR functional activity. A calorimetric approach was used to characterize PPAR gamma-ligand interactions, and docking experiments and X-ray studies were performed to explain the observed potency and efficacy. R-1 and S-1 were selected to evaluate several aspects of their biological activity. In an adipogenic assay, both enantiomers increased the expression of PPAR gamma target genes and promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. In vivo administration of these compounds to insulin resistant C57Bl/6J mice fed a high fat diet reduced visceral fat content and body weight. Examination of different metabolic parameters showed that R-1 and S-1 are insulin sensitizers. Notably, they also enhanced the expression of hepatic PPAR alpha target genes indicating that their in vivo effects stemmed from an activation of both PPAR alpha and gamma. Finally, the capability of R-1 and S-1 to inhibit cellular proliferation in colon cancer cell lines was also evaluated.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Investigation of New Chiral Fibrates with PPARα and PPARγ Agonist Activity
摘要:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that govern lipid and glucose homeostasis playing a central role in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Medications targeted to PPARs have been established to treat hyper-lipidemia (fibrates) and insulin resistance (glitazones). Thus, there is significant interest in developing new and specific ligands for these receptors. Here, we present the results of the screening of new ligands of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. Optical isomers of new chiral fibrates were synthesized and tested in cell-based assays. Compound (S)-7 showed a dual PPARU alpha/gamma activity, and its stereochemistry was crucial in receptor activation. Protease protection experiments suggested that this compound binds directly to PPAR. Moreover, computational studies showed that it properly docks to PPAR alpha and gamma ligand binding pockets. Interestingly, (S)-7 exhibited only a modest capacity to induce the differentiation of murine fibroblasts 3T3-L1 into adipocytes compared to rosiglitazone, a well-known PPAR gamma agonist.