Synthesis of and a Comparative Study on the Inhibition of Muscle and Liver Glycogen Phosphorylases by Epimeric Pairs of <scp>d</scp>-Gluco- and <scp>d</scp>-Xylopyranosylidene-spiro-(thio)hydantoins and <i>N</i>-(<scp>d</scp>-Glucopyranosyl) Amides
D-Gluco- and D-xylopyranosylidene-spiro-hydantoins and -thiohydantoins were prepared from the parent sugars in a six-step, highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective procedure. In the key step of the syntheses C-(1-bromo-1-deoxy-beta -D-glycopyranosyl)formamides were reacted with cyanate ion to give spiro-hydantoins with a retained configuration at the anomeric center as the major products. On the other hand, thiocyanate ions gave spiro-thiohydantoins with an inverted anomeric carbon as the only products. On the basis of radical inhibition studies, a mechanistic rationale was proposed to explain this unique stereoselectivity and the formation of C-(1-hydroxy-beta -D-glycopyranosyl)formamides as byproducts. Enzyme assays with a and b forms of muscle and liver glycogen phosphorylases showed spiro-hydantoin 12 and spiro-thiohydantoin 14 to be the best and equipotent inhibitors with K-i values in the low micromolar range. The study of epimeric pairs of D-gluco and D-Xylo configurated spiro-hydantoins and N-(D-glucopyranosyl)amides corroborated the role of specific hydrogen bridges in binding the inhibitors to the enzyme.