Soluble in benzene, toluene, and xylene; sparingly soluble in ethanol and methanol (Windholz et
al., 1983)
暴露限值:
OSHA: TWA 0.2 mg/m3
物理描述:
Benzo[a]pyrene appears as a liquid. Presents a threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limits its spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil and contaminates groundwater or nearby waterways.
颜色/状态:
Pale yellow monoclinic needles from benzene and methanol
气味:
Faint aromatic odor
蒸汽密度:
8.7 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力:
5.49X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated value/
亨利常数:
4.57e-07 atm-m3/mole
稳定性/保质期:
分解:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo
/It was/ demonstrated that macrophages were the primary cell type in a splenic leukocyte preparation capable of metabolizing /benzo[a]pyrene/ BaP to 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), the reactive metabolite proposed to be the ultimate carcinogenic and immunotoxic form of BaP.
Human liver microsomal fractions from 13 different individuals were characterized ... . Pronounced interindividual differences in the composition of microsomal proteins in the mol wt range of 49,000-60,000 were found. Most of the variations among profiles of microsomal proteins are interindividual differences in the composition of isoenzymes of cytochrome P450. Large variations among the human liver microsomal samples were seen in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. The results indicate the presence of 7-8 different forms of cytochrome P450 in human liver microsomes and interindividual variations seen in drug metabolism may at least in part be explained by variations in the distribution of these isoenzymes.
Colonic biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis and normal subjects were studied for the ability to metabolize benzo[a]pyrene. Approx 73% of 30 colonic biopsy specimens from 7 ulcerative colitis patients could metabolize benzo[a]pyrene to oxidized products, with an average production of 11.6 nmol/mg biopsy protein. In contrast, 39% of 23 biopsy specimens from 5 normal persons showed an average metabolic activity, 2.79 nmol. Benzo[a]pyrene oxidation activity in colonic tissue from colitis patients was, on the average, fourfold greater than that in normal subjects. This study suggest that the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis has a greater ability than that of normal subjects to oxidize such chemicals possibly to electrophiles with higher mutagenic potential.
Benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized to approximately 20 primary and secondary oxidized metabolites and to a variety of conjugates. Several metabolites can induce mutations, transform cells and/or bind to cellular macromolecules; however only a 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide is presently considered to be an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite.
Benzo[a]pyrene has known human metabolites that include Benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-epoxide, 9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 1-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide, and 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Benzo[a]pyrene (along with other PAHs) is released into the atmosphere as a component of smoke from forest fires, industrial processes, vehicle exhaust, cigarettes, and through the burning of fuel (such as wood, coal, and petroleum products). HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Epidemiology studies involving exposure to PAH mixtures have reported associations between internal biomarkers of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts) and adverse birth outcomes (including reduced birth weight, postnatal body weight, and head circumference), neurobehavioral effects, and decreased fertility. In addition, there is strong evidence of carcinogenicity in occupations involving exposure to PAH mixtures containing benzo[a]pyrene, such as aluminum production, chimney sweeping, coal gasification, coal-tar distillation, coke production, iron and steel founding, and paving and roofing with coal tar pitch. An increasing number of occupational studies demonstrate a positive exposure-response relationship with cumulative BaP exposure and lung cancer. BaP was mutagenic in human MCL-5 cells. Accumulation of BaP in blood plasma of coking workers played a major role in the formation of lymphocyte micronucleus. The characteristics of chromosomal aberrations induced in vitro by activated benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) in lymphocyte cultures of 172 normal individuals ages 19-95 years were described. The BPDE-induced chromosomal aberrations were predominantly single chromatid breaks, with few isochromatid breaks or exchange figures. The genotoxic mechanism of action of benzo[a]pyrene involves metabolism to highly reactive species that form covalent adducts to DNA. These anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol- 9,10-oxide-DNA adducts induce mutations in the K-RAS oncogene and the TP53 tumorsuppressor gene in human lung tumors, and in corresponding genes in mouse-lung tumors. ANIMAL STUDIES: Animal studies demonstrate that exposure to benzo[a]pyrene is associated with developmental (including developmental neurotoxicity), reproductive, and immunological effects. Studies in multiple animal species demonstrate that benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic at multiple tumor sites (alimentary tract, liver, kidney, respiratory tract, pharynx, and skin) by all routes of exposure. BaP is primarily metabolized to diol epoxides, which react principally at N2-dG in DNA. BaP-N2-dG adducts have been shown to induce a variety of mutations, notably G-->T, G-->A, G-->C and -1 frameshifts. Oral exposure to BaP causes spermatogonial stem cell mutations in mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Thirty-four ducks were given single intratracheal dose of 50-200 mg benzo(a)pyrene. Survival rate was poor. One duck developed a lung carcinoma, and two had bronchial squamous metaplasia. Histological and skeletal examinations were performed on rainbow trout alevins reared in 0.00, 0.08, 0.21, 0.39, 1.48, 2.40, or 2.99 ng/mL aqueous benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Nuclear pycnosis and karyorrhexis were most common in neuroectodermal and mesodermal derivatives and in liver of BaP-treated alevins. Microphthalmia was noted in 17% of the test fish and was frequently associated with a patent optic fissure. Depressed mitotic rates in the retina and brain, but not liver, were seen in alevins reared in 0.21 to 1.48 ng/mL aqueous BaP. Test alevins had a significantly higher incidence of skeletal malformations in the skull and vertebral column and abnormalities of vertebral arcualia often corresponded to areas of kyphoscoliotic flexures. In the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) teratogenic effect were related to embryonic cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as evidenced by the presence of aberrant chromosome arrangements during mitosis. Developmental abnormalities were observed in gastrulae treated with initial benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 1-50 ng/mL.
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The main carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene is the diol-epoxide trans-9,10-epoxy-7,8-dihydrodiol. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
CLASSIFICATION: Carcinogenic to humans. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Under EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, benzo[a]pyrene is "carcinogenic to humans" based on strong and consistent evidence in animals and humans.
... Readily absorbed from the intestinal tract and tend to localize primarily in body fat and fatty tissues such as breast. Disappearance of Benzo(a)Pyrene from blood and liver of rats following single IV injection is very rapid, having a half-life in blood of less than 5 min and a half-life in liver of 10 min. In ... blood and liver ... initial rapid elimination phase is followed by slower disappearance phase, lasting 6 hr or more ... A rapid equilibrium is established between BaP in blood and that in liver and ... the cmpd fast disappearance from blood is due to ... metabolism and distribution in tissues.
(14)C metabolites were secreted into bile of rats within 7 min of iv dose of (14)C-benzo[a]pyrene. Pretreatment of animals with this carcinogen ... enhanced biliary secretion of (14)C.
Male rats cannulated in the bile duct received iv injections of radiolabeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) noncovalently bound to the very-low-density, low-density, or high-density lipoproteins in equimolar amounts. Cumulative biliary excretions of BaP complexed with rat lipoproteins were 39.6, 24.6, and 21.2% for very-low density, low-density, and high-density lipoprotein, respectively. Values for excretion of BaP complexed with rat or human lipoproteins were comparable. Excretion increased as the degree of BaP hydroxylation increased. The excretion of BaP bound to very-low-density, low-density, or high-density lipoproteins in Aroclor-induced rats was not greater than the control. Hence, 60-80% of injected BaP and 50-60% of injected BaP metabolites were not excreted immediately in control or induced animals. Thus BaP may represent a carcinogen pool that is slowly excreted.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Synthesis of 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites of the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene
作者:Anhui Wu、Daiwang Xu、Ding Lu、Trevor M. Penning、Ian A. Blair、Ronald G. Harvey
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.130
日期:2012.9
sensitive stable isotope dilution LC/MS method for analysis of BaP metabolites. We now report efficient syntheses of 13C4-BaP and the complete set of its 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites needed as internal standards They include the metabolites not involved in carcinogenesis (Group A) and the metabolites implicated in initiation of cancer (Group B). The synthetic approach is novel, entailing use of Pd-catalyzed
多环芳烃 (PAH),例如苯并 [ a ] 芘 (B a P),是普遍存在的环境污染物,与导致肺癌有关。B a P 是烟草烟雾的一种成分,通过酶促转化为与 DNA 相互作用的活性形式。我们之前报道了一种用于分析 B a P 代谢物的灵敏的稳定同位素稀释 LC/MS 方法的开发。我们现在报告了13 C 4 -B a P 的有效合成及其完整的13 C 4标记氧化代谢物,需要作为内标。它们包括不参与致癌作用的代谢物(A 组))和与癌症发生有关的代谢物(B组)。该合成方法是新颖的,需要使用 Pd 催化的 Suzuki、Sonogashira 和 Hartwig 交叉偶联反应与 PtCl 2催化的炔属化合物环化反应相结合。这种合成方法需要更少的步骤,使用更温和的条件,并且产物分离比传统的 PAH 合成方法更简单。13 C 4 -B a P 和13 C 4 -B a P-8-ol的合成各只需要四步,并且13
Dimensional Matching of Polycyclic Aromatics with Rectangular Metallacycles: Insertion Modes Determined by [CH⋅⋅⋅π] Interactions
作者:Cristina Alvariño、Elena Pía、Marcos D. García、Víctor Blanco、Alberto Fernández、Carlos Peinador、José M. Quintela
DOI:10.1002/chem.201302165
日期:2013.11.4
set of polycyclicaromatic substrates (naphthalene, carbazol, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene), were characterized and studied in aqueous solution and the solid state. By taking into account the dimensions of both receptors and substrates, an excellent complementarity was found between the size of the receptors and their ability to complex a given substrate. Furthermore, this dimensionalmatching results
介绍了一个Pd II / Pt II双核受体家族,旨在使它们的腔长平稳增加(从7.46–13.78Å)。在水溶液和固态下,对它们的包合物与一组代表性的多环芳族底物(萘,咔唑,pyr和苯并[ a ] py)进行了表征和研究。通过考虑受体和底物的尺寸,在受体的大小与其复合给定底物的能力之间发现了极好的互补性。此外,在此特定维匹配结果结合取决于客户的建立稳定[C的能力模式 H⋅⋅⋅π]与主机交互。
Significant Enhancement in the Efficiency and Selectivity of Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Phenols by Fluoroalcohols
Significantenhancement of both the rate and the chemoselectivity of iron‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols can be achieved in fluorinated solvents, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol (HFIP), 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE), and 1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. The generality of this effect was examined for the cross‐coupling of phenols with arenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Regioselective arene homologation through rhenium-catalyzed deoxygenative aromatization of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes
作者:Masahito Murai、Takuya Ogita、Kazuhiko Takai
DOI:10.1039/c9cc00270g
日期:——
Combined use of oxorhenium catalysts with triphenyl phosphite as an oxygen acceptor allowed efficient deoxygenative aromatization of oxabicyclic dienes. The reaction proceeded under neutral conditions and was compatible with various functional groups. Combining this deoxygenation with regioselective bromination and trapping of the generated aryne with furan resulted in benzannulative π-extension at
A Convenient New Synthesis of Benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene
作者:Ronald G. Harvey、Keunpoong Lim、Qing Dai
DOI:10.1021/jo030313n
日期:2004.2.1
A convenient newsynthesis of the ubiquitous environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is described. In the key step, the method entails Suzuki coupling of naphthalene 2-boronic acid with 2-bromobenzene-1,3-dialdehyde and requires only three steps. It is considerably shorter and simpler than the older methods and provides BaP in higher overall yield.
描述了一种方便的新的普遍存在的环境致癌物苯并[ a ] re(BaP)的合成方法。在关键步骤中,该方法需要将萘2-硼酸与2-溴苯-1,3-二醛进行Suzuki偶联,仅需三个步骤。与旧方法相比,它明显更短,更简单,并且可以提供更高的总收率。