MPV reduction using AlIII–calix[4]arene Lewis acid catalysts: Molecular-level insight into effect of ketone binding
作者:Partha Nandi、Yuriy I. Matvieiev、Vyacheslav I. Boyko、Kathleen A. Durkin、Vitaly I. Kalchenko、Alexander Katz
DOI:10.1016/j.jcat.2011.08.013
日期:2011.11
Catalytic Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction using Al-III-calix[4]arene complexes is investigated as a model system that requires the bringing together of two different chemical species, ketone and alkoxide, within a six-membered transition state. Two-point versus one-point ketone binding is demonstrated to be the most salient feature that controls MPV catalysis rate. A 7.7-fold increase in rate is observed when comparing reactants consisting of a bidentate Cl-containing ketone and sterically and electronically similar but looser-binding ketones, which are substituted with H and F. The one-point and two-point nature of ketone binding for the various ketones investigated is independently assessed using a combination of structural data derived from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and OFT-based molecular modeling. Using MPV catalysis with inherently chiral calix[4]arenes, the effect of multiple point reactant binding on enantioselectivity is elucidated. A higher denticity of ketone binding appears to increase the sensitivity of the interplay between chiral active site structure and MPV reduction enantioselectivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Selective ipso-nitration of tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-diethers: X-ray structure of an unexpected side product
1,3-Diether derivatives of tert-butylcalix[4] arene can be selectively nitrated at the para-position of the phenolic units, In this way calix[4]arenes bearing tert-butyl and nitro groups at the upper rim in alternating sequence are easily available in yields up to 75%, Ipso-attack may also occur ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group leading in a side reaction to macrocyclic compounds with two 6-nitrocyclohexa-2,4-dienone units. Both types of structures were established by single crystal X-ray analysis.