凡能水解成多个单糖分子或其衍生物的糖为多糖。它是由二十个至数万个单糖分子缩合、脱水而成的大分子化合物。多糖可以由一种单糖组成,如淀粉、纤维素等称为同聚多糖;也可以由不同单糖或其衍生物缩合而成,例如半纤维素,则被称为杂聚多糖。
自然界中,植物、动物和微生物都含有丰富的多糖。除了以游离形式存在外,多糖也常与蛋白质结合形成复合物。植物多糖的共同特点是天然性、保健价值及独特的水溶性胶体特性,这赋予食品较高的营养价值、稳定的组织结构以及优良的外观和口感,并延长了其货架期。
天然植物多糖对人体更为安全,吸收率更高。例如魔芋中的葡甘聚糖,这是一种极好的水溶性膳食纤维,具有饱腹感、降血脂、降血糖及通便等保健功能。尽管植物多糖本身不提供热量,但它对高热量、高脂肪和高蛋白的饮食结构有平衡营养的作用。
因此,亲水性的植物多糖常被称为植物胶,它们能够为食品生产加工提供增稠剂、凝胶剂、成膜剂及乳化剂等多种稳定剂。有效开发和利用植物多糖将有助于提升人类的生活质量、改善健康水平,并丰富食物资源,从而创造更多的经济价值。
淀粉是储存在植物体内的多糖,由直链淀粉和支链淀粉两种成分构成。在淀粉颗粒中,直链淀粉占比20~28%,其余为支链淀粉。直链淀粉由约250至300个D-葡萄糖分子通过α 1,4糖苷键连接而成,并卷曲成螺旋结构,具有一个非还原性末端和一个还原性末端,其分子量差异很大,从数千到150,000不等。直链淀粉遇碘呈蓝色反应,这是由于螺旋内部为分子碘占据所致。
支链淀粉由24至30个D-葡萄糖分子通过α 1,4和α 1,6糖苷键连接而成,形成类似灌木丛的结构。动物消化道中的α淀粉酶(存在于唾液及胰液中)可以随机作用于α 1,4糖苷键,将直链淀粉水解成麦芽糖和葡萄糖;植物中的β淀粉酶则在直链淀粉非还原性末端起作用,生成麦芽糖。支链淀粉同样可被α和β淀粉酶作用,但靠近分枝点的α 1,4和α 1,6糖苷键不被这些酶水解,在α淀粉酶及1,6葡萄糖苷酶共同作用下,支链淀粉完全水解为葡萄糖和麦芽糖。
琼脂糖是琼脂的重要组成部分,由D-半乳糖与3,6脱水半乳糖构成的单位重复缩合而成。琼脂糖在沸水中大量溶解,但当温度降至40℃以下时则成不溶性凝胶。这种琼脂糖凝胶常用作层析的支持体,通过氢键将半乳多糖链交联形成,因此在过于酸碱环境中不稳定。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | (2-Hydroxypropyl)-|A-cyclodextrin | 128446-35-5 | C63H112O42 |
| —— | Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose | 9032-42-2 | C34H66O24 |
| —— | (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28S,30S,31R,33S,35R,36R,37R,38S,39S,40R,41R,42R,43R,44R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol | 7585-39-9 | C42H70O35 |
| —— | gamma-Cyclodextrin hydrate | 91464-90-3 | C48H82O41 |
| —— | zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1S,2S)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate | 9000-07-1 | C23H23FN4O7Zn |
| —— | xylopentaose | 49694-20-4 | C25H42O21 |
| —— | Maltooctaose | 6156-84-9 | C48H82O41 |
| —— | citrate (Si)-synthase | 9027-96-7 | —— |
| —— | 2-[[3-[2-[(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 9012-36-6 | C24H38O19 |
| —— | 2-({[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-({[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 9057-02-7 | C23H42O16 |
| —— | alpha-Glucosylhesperidin | 161713-86-6 | C34H44O20 |
| —— | (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol;[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate;[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-tri(propanoyloxy)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-tri(propanoyloxy)-6-(propanoyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl propanoate | 9004-39-1 | C76H114O49 |
| —— | Hydroxypropyl Betadex | 128446-35-5 | C60H106O40 |
| —— | Adrabetadex | 128446-35-5 | C54H94O38 |
| —— | (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(1S,3S,4S,5S,8R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,3R,4S,5S,8R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 9012-36-6 | C24H38O19 |
| —— | Glycogen | 149820-99-5 | C24H42O21 |
| —— | lacto-N-tetraose | 14116-68-8 | C26H45NO21 |
| —— | 4<sup>G</sup>-α-D-glucopyranosyl hesperidin | 161713-86-6 | C34H44O20 |
| —— | β-cyclodextrin | 7585-39-9 | C42H70O35 |
| —— | Hex(?1-3)[Hex(?1-6)]Hex(?1-3)Hex | 9050-67-3 | C24H42O21 |
| —— | DL-xylose | 9000-69-5 | C5H10O5 |
| —— | Biozan R | 11138-66-2 | C36H58O29P2 |
| —— | methyl N-[5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[5-amino-6-[5-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]carbamate | 9012-76-4 | C56H103N9O39 |
| —— | Hex(?1-4)[Hex(?1-6)]Hex(?1-4)Hex | 119400-89-4 | C24H42O21 |
| —— | 6-O-Glucosylmaltose | 11078-30-1 | C18H32O16 |