人类发现的第一个抗生素类药物是青霉素,它是在第二次世界大战期间发展起来的一种有效抗感染药剂。实际上,早在19世纪70年代,人们就认识到了微生物之间拮抗现象的存在。直到1942年,瓦克斯曼(S.A. Waksman)在多年研究这些作用的活性后,才首次使用了“抗生素”一词。
1928年,弗莱明(A. Fleming)已发现青霉素,但当时尚未证实这种天然来源的抗微生物药剂能对人和动物全身感染发挥效力。直至战争的压力刺激了防治传染病药剂的研究,弗洛里(H.W. Florey)及其同事钱恩(E.B. Chain)才成功提取出青霉素并证明其治疗效果。1943年,瓦克斯曼发现第二个抗生素——链霉素,随后又观察分离出的杆菌肽、新霉素、多粘菌素、氯霉素、金霉素和土霉素等其他抗生素的作用后,抗生素的重要性逐渐显现。
随着抗生素在化学治疗中的成功应用,它们也被发现广泛用于植物保护、动物饲养和食品保藏等方面。抗生素又称“抗菌素”,一般是指由细菌、霉菌或其他微生物在生活过程中产生的具有抗病原体性能的一类物质。这类药物是控制人、畜传染病,对抗肿瘤以及防治植物病虫害的重要工具。抗生素通常是从微生物培养液中提取或通过半合成和合成方法制造。它们根据来源和作用大致分为青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖甙类、四环素族、氯霉素类、大环内脂类、抗霉菌类、抗肿瘤类等,并可根据抗菌谱范围分为广谱和窄谱。
各种抗生素的抗菌机制和作用各不相同。例如,青霉素和杆菌肽能阻碍细菌细胞壁的合成;多肽类抗菌素可破坏细菌质膜;氯霉素、链霉素等则可抑制蛋白质合成或干扰核酸合成。有些抗生素的作用范围有限,如青霉素只对革兰氏阳性菌有效,被称为狭谱抗生素。而四环素类药物对多数细菌有抑制作用,则称为广谱性抗生素。
目前广泛应用的约100种抗生素包括青霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素等,这些药物在医疗上普遍使用;而在农业中,春雷霉素、井岗霉素已广泛用于水稻病菌防治,灭瘟素则用于防治稻瘟病,赤霉素则促进植物生长。然而,在使用抗生素时需谨慎,不可滥用或乱用。有些抗生素可能产生副作用,例如长期使用链霉素和庆大霉素会导致耳聋;过量服用氯霉素可能导致白细胞减少。另外,某些人对抗生素可能有过敏反应,严重者甚至有致命危险,因此在使用青霉素等药物前应进行“皮试”。
合理用药是抗生素应用中的关键问题。盲目滥用广谱抗生素不仅会促使抗药菌株的产生,还会导致不可忽视的毒副作用,并可能导致因破坏体内正常菌群而引发“二次感染”。因此,严格按照医嘱用药至关重要。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | carbamic acid [(3R,5S,6R,7S,10S,11S)-6-hydroxy-5,11,21-trimethoxy-3,7,9,15-tetramethyl-16,20,22-trioxo-17-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),8,12,14,18-pentaen-10-yl] ester | 30562-34-6 | C29H40N2O9 |
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—— | (6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;hydrochloride | 75738-58-8 | C32H35ClN18O10S6 |
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—— | 2-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)-4-[3-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(methylamino)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl]guanidine;sulfuric acid | 3810-74-0 | C42H84N14O36S3 |
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—— | (6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-(6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;hydrogen sulfate | 98753-19-6 | C22H24N6O9S3 |
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—— | sodium;(6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 68401-82-1 | C13H12N5NaO5S2 |
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—— | Azithromycin hydrate | 117772-70-0 | C38H76N2O14 |
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—— | 2-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)-4-[3-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(methylamino)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl]guanidine;sulfuric acid | 1425-61-2 | C21H43N7O16S |
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—— | (1S,3Z,7R,11E,13R,15R)-2,15-dihydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxabicyclo[11.3.0]hexadeca-3,11-dien-5-one | 20350-15-6 | C16H24O4 |
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—— | (1R,2R,3E,7S,13S,15S)-2,15-dihydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxabicyclo[11.3.0]hexadeca-3,11-dien-5-one | 20350-15-6 | C16H24O4 |
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—— | (1S,2S)-2-[(2R,4Z,6E,8S,9R,13R,15R,16R)-7-cyano-8,16-dihydroxy-9,11,13,15-tetramethyl-18-oxo-1-oxacyclooctadeca-4,6-dien-2-yl]cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid | 7184-60-3 | C28H43NO6 |
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—— | (6S,7S)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-(pyridin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 72558-82-8 | C22H22N6O7S2 |
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—— | sodium;(6S,7S)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 56238-63-2 | C16H15N4NaO8S |
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—— | Priomicina | 26016-99-9 | C3H7NaO4P+ |
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—— | Cefaloject | 24356-60-3 | C17H17N3NaO6S2+ |
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—— | 5-Amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[4,6-diamino-2-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid | 53797-35-6 | C17H36N4O14S |
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—— | Dicloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate | 13412-64-1 | C19H19Cl2N3NaO6S |
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—— | benzhydryl (6S)-7-amino-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate;hydrochloride | 79349-67-0 | C22H21ClN2O3S |
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—— | (1S,4E,5'R,6R,6'R,7S,8R,10S,11S,12R,14R,15R,16S,18E,20E,22S,25S,27R,28R,29S)-22-ethyl-7,11,14,15-tetrahydroxy-6'-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-5',6,8,10,12,14,16,28,29-nonamethylspiro[2,26-dioxabicyclo[23.3.1]nonacosa-4,18,20-triene-27,2'-oxane]-3,3',9,13-tetrone | 11050-94-5 | C45H72O12 |
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—— | [(4E,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl] carbamate | 30562-34-6 | C29H40N2O9 |
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—— | (3aS,4S,5'R,6R,6'R,7aS)-4-[(1R,6R)-3-amino-2,6-dihydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]oxy-6'-[(1S)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[4,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-2,2'-oxane]-3',4',5',7-tetrol | 31282-04-9 | C20H37N3O13 |
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—— | 2-[(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,10R,11E,13E,16R)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-[(2R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[(2R,5S,6S)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | (4R,6R,8R,11E)-16-chloro-17,19-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3,7-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.06,8]nonadeca-1(15),9,11,16,18-pentaene-2,13-dione | 12772-57-5 | C18H17ClO6 |
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—— | [(6E,9S,13R,14S)-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl] carbamate | 30562-34-6 | C29H40N2O9 |
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—— | (2S,3R,4S,5S,8S,10S,11S,13R,14S)-11-[(2R,3S,4R,6S)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-13-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one | 83905-01-5 | C38H72N2O12 |
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—— | 2-[(4S,5R,6R,7S,9S,10S,11E,13E,16S)-6-[5-(4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl)oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | Natamycin (Pimaricin) | 7681-93-8 | C33H47NO13 |
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—— | cyclo[OAla-Val-D-OVal-D-Val-OAla-Val-D-OVal-DL-Val-OAla-Val-DL-OVal-D-Val] | 2001-95-8 | C54H90N6O18 |
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—— | (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;2-[(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,15R,16R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-15-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5,9,13-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 74610-55-2 | C50H83NO23 |
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—— | 2-[(4R,5R,6S,7R,9R,10R,11E,16R)-6-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[(2R,5S,6S)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | [(7R,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S,18R,19E,21Z)-2,15,17,36-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22,30-octamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,37-dioxa-24,27,33-triazahexacyclo[23.10.1.14,7.05,35.026,34.027,32]heptatriaconta-1(35),2,4,9,19,21,25(36),26(34),28,30,32-undecaen-13-yl] acetate | 80621-81-4 | C43H51N3O11 |
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—— | Rifapentine | 61379-65-5 | C47H64N4O12 |
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—— | Mycobutin | 72559-06-9 | C46H62N4O11 |
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—— | 1-b]Furan-21-yl acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | Ceftobiprole medocaril | 376653-43-9 | C26H26N8O11S2 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13R,14R,15R,16R,17S,19E,21Z)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | rifapentine hydrochloride | 127923-87-9 | C47H64N4O12*ClH |
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—— | (4S,6S,12aR)-7-chloro-4-(dimethylamino)-1,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide | 57-62-5 | C22H23ClN2O8 |
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—— | 6β-(5-methyl-3-phenyl-isoxazole-4-carbonylamino)-penicillanic acid; sodium salt | 1173-88-2 | C19H18N3O5S*Na |
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—— | Novobiocin(1-) | 1476-53-5 | C31H35N2O11- |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21Z)-26-[(Z)-(4-cyclopentylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 61379-65-5 | C47H64N4O12 |
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—— | 5-Morpholin-4-ylmethyl-3-{[1-(5-nitro-furan-2-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene]-amino}-oxazolidin-2-one | 139-91-3 | C13H16N4O6 |
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—— | 1-N-Ethylsisomycin | 56391-56-1 | C21H41N5O7 |
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—— | [(7S,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S)-26-[(4-cyclopentylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 61379-65-5 | C47H64N4O12 |
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—— | cefaclor | 53994-73-3 | C15H14ClN3O4S |
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—— | leucomycin A3 | 16846-24-5 | C42H69NO15 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21E)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(E)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S)-26-[(E)-(4-cyclopentylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 61379-65-5 | C47H64N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13R,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21E)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(E)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | Pharmakon1600-01500529 | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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