Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Abstract The cyanogenicglucosides prunasin and 6′-O-malonylprunasin have been isolated from the leaves of Merremia dissecta. Malonylprunasin is the first example of a malonyl conjugate of the cyanogenic glycosides.
Synthesis and Characterisation of α-Glycosyloxyamides Derived from Cyanogenic Glycosides
作者:Jandirk Sendker、Adolf Nahrstedt
DOI:10.1002/pca.1237
日期:2010.11
Introduction – After exposure to oxidative stress, the leaves of some cyanogenic plants contain primary α‐glycosyloxyamides with structures corresponding to their original cyanogenicglycosides.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyanogenic Glycosides
作者:Dmitry V. Yashunsky、Ekaterina V. Kulakovskaya、Tatiana V. Kulakovskaya、Olga S. Zhukova、Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy、Nikolay E. Nifantiev
DOI:10.1080/07328303.2015.1105249
日期:2015.10.13
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of cyanogenic glycosides with different carbohydrate units was developed. Amygdalin (3), prunasin (1), sambunigrin (2), and neoamygdalin (21) were prepared according to the elaborated method, and biological tests, including antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities, were performed.
NAHRSTEDT, ADOLF;JENSEN, PIA SKJOTTGAARD;WRAY, VICTOR, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 28,(1989) N, C. 623-624
作者:NAHRSTEDT, ADOLF、JENSEN, PIA SKJOTTGAARD、WRAY, VICTOR
DOI:——
日期:——
Phytochemical constituents from <i>Elsholtzia ciliata</i> (Thunb.) Hyl. and their nitric oxide production inhibitory activities
作者:Duong Thi Dung、Nguyen Huy Hoang、Duong Thi Hai Yen、Pham Hai Yen、Vu Kim Thu、Nguyen Viet Dung、Ngo Anh Bang、Do Thi Trang、Nguyen Thi Cuc、Huong Phan Thi Thanh、Bui Huu Tai、Nguyen Xuan Nhiem、Phan Van Kiem