melittin | 20449-79-0

• 物质功能分类: 生物化工 - 多肽
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: melittin
• 英文别名: GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ-NH₂；mellitin；Gly-Ile-Gly-Ala-Val-Leu-Lys-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr-Gly-Leu-Pro-Ala-Leu-Ile-Ser-Trp-Ile-Lys-Arg-Lys-Arg-Gln-Gln-NH₂；MLT；GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ amide；melittin from honey bee venom；GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ；(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]pentanediimidic acid
• CAS: 20449-79-0
• 化学式: C₁₃₁H₂₂₉N₃₉O₃₁
• 分子量: 2846.5
• InChiKey: VDXZNPDIRNWWCW-JFTDCZMZSA-N

物化性质

• 比旋光度：
  D21 -89.52° (c = 0.409)
• 密度：
  1.39
• 溶解度：
  在 20% 乙腈中溶解度为 1 mg/ml
• 碰撞截面：
  613.37 Ų [M+2H]2+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: stepped-field]

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -2.7
• 重原子数：
  201
• 可旋转键数：
  99
• 环数：
  3.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.71
• 拓扑面积：
  1150
• 氢给体数：
  41
• 氢受体数：
  37

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  T
• 安全说明：
  S36,S36/37/39,S45
• 危险类别码：
  R23/24/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3462 6.1/PG 1
• RTECS号：
  OS3965000
• 海关编码：
  2934999090
• 危险标志：
  GHS06
• 危险性描述：
  H301 + H311 + H331
• 危险性防范说明：
  P261,P280,P301 + P310,P311
• 储存条件：
  2~8°C

SDS

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SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
Product identifiers
Product name : Melittin
REACH No. : A registration number is not available for this substance as the substance
or its uses are exempted from registration, the annual tonnage does not
require a registration or the registration is envisaged for a later
registration deadline.
CAS-No. : 20449-79-0
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Manufacture of substances

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SECTION 2: Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 3), H301
Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 3), H331
Acute toxicity, Dermal (Category 3), H311
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Classification according to EU Directives 67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC
T Toxic R23/24/25
For the full text of the R-phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Label elements
Labelling according Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H301 Toxic if swallowed.
H311 Toxic in contact with skin.
H331 Toxic if inhaled.
Precautionary statement(s)
P261 Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray.
P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing.
P301 + P310 IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/
physician.
P311 Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician.
Supplemental Hazard none
Statements
Other hazards - none

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SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients
Substances
Formula : C131H229N39O31
Molecular Weight : 2.846,46 g/mol
CAS-No. : 20449-79-0
Hazardous ingredients according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Component Classification Concentration
Melittin
CAS-No. 20449-79-0 Acute Tox. 3; H301, H311, <= 100 %
H331
Hazardous ingredients according to Directive 1999/45/EC
Component Classification Concentration
Melittin
CAS-No. 20449-79-0 T, R23/24/25 <= 100 %
For the full text of the H-Statements and R-Phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16

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SECTION 4: First aid measures
Description of first aid measures
General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Take victim immediately to hospital. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
If swallowed
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2) and/or in
section 11
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
no data available

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SECTION 5: Firefighting measures
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Advice for firefighters
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Further information
no data available

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SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure
adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.
For personal protection see section 8.
Environmental precautions
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed
containers for disposal.
Reference to other sections
For disposal see section 13.

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SECTION 7: Handling and storage
Precautions for safe handling
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
For precautions see section 2.2.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Recommended storage temperature: -20 °C
Specific end use(s)
Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated

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SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
Control parameters
Components with workplace control parameters
Exposure controls
Appropriate engineering controls
Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling
the product.
Personal protective equipment
Eye/face protection
Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under
appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique
(without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of
contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and
the standard EN 374 derived from it.
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril® (KCL 740 / Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril® (KCL 740 / Z677272, Size M)
data source: KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell, phone [phone], test method: EN374
If used in solution, or mixed with other substances, and under conditions which differ from EN 374,
contact the supplier of the CE approved gloves. This recommendation is advisory only and must
be evaluated by an industrial hygienist and safety officer familiar with the specific situation of
anticipated use by our customers. It should not be construed as offering an approval for any
specific use scenario.
Body Protection
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected
according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle
respirator type N99 (US) or type P2 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering
controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use
respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such
as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

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SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
Information on basic physical and chemical properties
a) Appearance Form: powder
Colour: beige
b) Odour no data available
c) Odour Threshold no data available
d) pH no data available
e) Melting point/freezing no data available
point
f) Initial boiling point and no data available
boiling range
g) Flash point no data available
h) Evapouration rate no data available
i) Flammability (solid, gas) no data available
j) Upper/lower no data available
flammability or
explosive limits
k) Vapour pressure no data available
l) Vapour density no data available
m) Relative density no data available
n) Water solubility no data available
o) Partition coefficient: n- no data available
octanol/water
p) Auto-ignition no data available
temperature
q) Decomposition no data available
temperature
r) Viscosity no data available
s) Explosive properties no data available
t) Oxidizing properties no data available
Other safety information
no data available

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SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
Reactivity
no data available
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
no data available
Conditions to avoid
no data available
Incompatible materials
no data available
Hazardous decomposition products
Other decomposition products - no data available
In the event of fire: see section 5

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SECTION 11: Toxicological information
Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
LD50 Intraperitoneal - rat - 17,700 mg/kg
LD50 Intraperitoneal - mouse - 7,400 mg/kg
Skin corrosion/irritation
no data available
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
no data available
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
no data available
Germ cell mutagenicity
no data available
Carcinogenicity
IARC: No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as
probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.
Reproductive toxicity
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure
no data available
Aspiration hazard
no data available
Additional Information
RTECS: OS3965000

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SECTION 12: Ecological information
Toxicity
no data available
Persistence and degradability
no data available
Bioaccumulative potential
no data available
Mobility in soil
no data available
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not conducted
Other adverse effects
no data available

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SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
Waste treatment methods
Product
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product.

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SECTION 14: Transport information
UN number
ADR/RID: 3462 IMDG: 3462 IATA: 3462
UN proper shipping name
ADR/RID: TOXINS EXTRACTED FROM LIVING SOURCES, SOLID, N.O.S. (Melittin)
IMDG: TOXINS, EXTRACTED FROM LIVING SOURCES, SOLID, N.O.S. (Melittin)
IATA: Toxins, extracted from living sources, solid, n.o.s. (Melittin)
Transport hazard class(es)
ADR/RID: 6.1 IMDG: 6.1 IATA: 6.1
Packaging group
ADR/RID: I IMDG: I IATA: I
Environmental hazards
ADR/RID: no IMDG Marine pollutant: no IATA: no
Special precautions for user
no data available

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SECTION 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
N/A

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

蜂毒活性成分

蜂毒素(mellitin)是蜂毒的主要活性成分，蜂毒是一种由工蜂毒腺和副腺分泌的透明、具有芳香气味的毒液，在受到侵犯时通过螫针排出。在蜂毒的众多成分中，以蜂毒素含量最高，约占干重的50%，具有很高的生物活性。蜂毒素是一种由26个氨基酸组成的线性肽，相对分子量为2849，其氨基酸排列顺序为：甘-异亮-甘-丙-缬-亮-赖-缬-亮-苏-苏-甘-亮-脯-丙-亮-异亮-丝-色-异亮-赖-精-赖-精-谷-谷。蜂毒素具有抗炎、镇痛和抑制血小板凝集等多种作用，并且可以通过不同机制对多种肿瘤细胞产生强烈的杀伤作用，是一种潜在的天然抗肿瘤药物。

化学结构

1. 一级结构 1967年从蜂毒中分离出26个氨基酸组成的蜂毒素，并分析了其氨基酸序列。蜂毒素无二硫键，相对分子量为2849，强碱性且溶于水。

2. 二级结构 蜂毒素的二级结构是α螺旋结构，分别为1～10氨基酸残基和13～20氨基酸残基的α螺旋结构。

3. 三级结构 空间结构可分为四个区域：N末端（1～10）α螺旋结构、以120°角连接两个螺旋的绞链结构、中间部分（13～20）α螺旋结构和C末端（21～26）正电荷区域。四个单体通过疏水基相连，形成四聚体的稳定结构。

抗菌、抗病毒作用

蜂毒素对多种革兰阳性和阴性细菌具有抑制作用，并且可以增强磺胺类和青霉素类药物的抗菌效力。其通过与膜结合的方式破坏细菌胞膜达到溶菌的目的。此外，蜂毒素及其六个衍生物可改变受HIV感染的T淋巴细胞的功能，从而抑制HIV复制。

抗肿瘤作用

1. 直接杀伤作用 在体外试验中已证实蜂毒素对骨肉瘤、卵巢癌和神经胶质瘤等多种肿瘤细胞具有强烈的杀伤作用。它通过不同机制对各种来源sPLA2的活性进行抑制，其中对RA患者滑液中的sPLA2活性抑制率可达96%。

2. 降低膜损伤体(MAC) 亚剂量蜂毒素可显著减少补体对细胞的溶解。这种保护作用可能与蜂毒素促进Ca2+ 内流、激发细胞内信号传导系统及合成保护性蛋白有关。

生物活性

Melittin (MLT, Forapin, Forapine) 是磷脂酶A2（PLA2）激活剂，可刺激低分子量的PLA2活性，但不会增加高分子量酶的活性。

靶点

Target	Value
PLA2

参考质量标准

• 外观：白色粉末
• 纯度（HPLC）≥98.0%
• 醋酸根含量≤12.0%
• 水分含量≤8.0%
• 肽含量≥80.0%
• 内毒素≤50EU/mg
• 氨基酸组成分析≤±10%

类别：有毒物质
毒性分级：高毒
急性毒性：

• 腹腔注射 - 小鼠 LD50: 17.7毫克（铅）/公斤
• 静脉注射 - 小鼠 LD50: 7.4毫克/公斤

可燃性危险特性：可燃，燃烧时分解有毒氮氧化物气体
储运特性：

• 库房低温、通风和干燥
• 与食品原料分开存放

灭火剂：水、二氧化碳、干粉或泡沫

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  melittin 在 碳酸氢铵 、 trypsin 作用下， 反应 24.0h， 生成 VLTTGLPALISWIKR
  参考文献：
  名称：

  偶氮唑嗪的硝基衍生物调节自相关肽的聚集，包括阿尔茨海默氏 β-淀粉样肽的 N 端片段

  摘要：

  来自蜂毒的阿尔茨海默 β-淀粉样肽和蜂毒肽溶细胞肽片段的例子证明了唑并嗪类硝基化合物作为天然自缔合肽聚集调节剂的潜力。根据唑并嗪衍生物的类型，肽与不溶性聚集体的结合要么发生，要么被抑制，直至肽聚集体溶解。唑并嗪与所检测肽结合的位点和化学计量在缔合物中确定。这些效应可以通过唑并嗪硝基衍生物在水溶液中解离形成稳定的芳香阴离子的独特能力来解释，该阴离子对肽分子的碱性氨基酸残基具有静电亲和力。硝基唑并嗪的这种特性用于测试它们调节聚集过程的能力。因此，唑并嗪的硝基衍生物是阿尔茨海默 β-淀粉样肽以及可能形成淀粉样沉积物的其他肽聚集的有前景的诱导剂或抑制剂。

  DOI：

  10.1134/s1068162019010096
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  Cys Melittin 、 三(2-羰基乙基)磷盐酸盐 在 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 反应 0.5h， 以to yield final concentrations of 10 mg/ml Melittin and 20 mM MES-Na的产率得到melittin
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Peptide-based in vivo siRNA delivery system

  摘要：

  本发明涉及一种用于在体内靶向递送RNA干扰（RNAi）多核苷酸至肝细胞的组合物。靶向RNAi多核苷酸与共同靶向的蜜蜂毒素递送肽一起给予。递送肽提供膜穿透功能，将RNAi多核苷酸从细胞外移动到细胞内。可逆修饰提供递送肽的生理响应性。

  公开号：

  US08501930B2

文献信息

• ¹⁸F-Trifluoromethanesulfinate Enables Direct C–H ¹⁸F-Trifluoromethylation of Native Aromatic Residues in Peptides
  作者：Choon Wee Kee、Osman Tack、Florian Guibbal、Thomas C. Wilson、Patrick G. Isenegger、Mateusz Imiołek、Stefan Verhoog、Michael Tilby、Giulia Boscutti、Sharon Ashworth、Juliette Chupin、Roxana Kashani、Adeline W. J. Poh、Jane K. Sosabowski、Sven Macholl、Christophe Plisson、Bart Cornelissen、Michael C. Willis、Jan Passchier、Benjamin G. Davis、Véronique Gouverneur

  DOI：10.1021/jacs.9b11709

  日期：2020.1.22

  18F labeling strategies for unmodified peptides with [18F]fluoride require 18F-labeled prosthetics for bioconjugation more often with cysteine thiols or lysine amines. Here we explore selective radical chemistry to target aromatic residues applying C–H 18F-trifluoromethylation. We report a one-step route to [18F]CF3SO2NH4 from [18F]fluoride and its application to direct [18F]CF3 incorporation at tryptophan

  用[18F]氟化物对未修饰的肽进行 18F 标记策略需要 18F 标记的假体，以便更频繁地与半胱氨酸硫醇或赖氨酸胺进行生物共轭。在这里，我们探索选择性自由基化学，以应用 C–H 18F-三氟甲基化来靶向芳香族残基。我们报告了一种从[18F]氟化物合成[18F]CF3SO2NH4的一步路线，及其使用与重组人胰岛素一样复杂的未修饰肽直接将[18F]CF3掺入色氨酸或酪氨酸残基的应用。奥曲肽[Trp(2-CF218F)]的全自动放射合成可实现体内正电子发射断层扫描成像。
• [EN] FLUORINATION METHOD<br/>[FR] PROCÉDÉ DE FLUORATION
  申请人：UNIV OXFORD INNOVATION LTD

  公开号：WO2020053596A1

  公开（公告）日：2020-03-19

  The invention relates to a process for producing a compound comprising the anion [CF2 18FSO2]-, which process comprises treating a difluorocarbene source with (i) a source of 18F- and (ii) a source of SO2. The invention relates to a compound which comprises that anion. The invention also relates to the use of the compound comprising the anion [CF2 18FSO2]- to produce a compound comprising an 18F-trifluoromethyl functionalised aromatic group. Compounds comprising an 18F-trifluoromethyl functionalised aromatic group are also the subject of the present invention.

  该发明涉及一种生产含阴离子[CF2 18FSO2]-的化合物的方法，该方法包括将二氟卡宾源与(i) 18F-源和(ii) SO2源处理。该发明涉及一种包含该阴离子的化合物。该发明还涉及利用含阴离子[CF2 18FSO2]-的化合物生产含有18F-三氟甲基官能化芳基的化合物。含有18F-三氟甲基官能化芳基的化合物也是本发明的主题。
• Serine-Selective Bioconjugation
  作者：Julien C. Vantourout、Srinivasa Rao Adusumalli、Kyle W. Knouse、Dillon T. Flood、Antonio Ramirez、Natalia M. Padial、Alena Istrate、Katarzyna Maziarz、Justine N. deGruyter、Rohan R. Merchant、Jennifer X. Qiao、Michael A. Schmidt、Michael J. Deery、Martin D. Eastgate、Philip E. Dawson、Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes、Phil S. Baran

  DOI：10.1021/jacs.0c05595

  日期：2020.10.14

  The first general method for the rapid, chemoselective, and modular functionalization of serine residues in native polypeptides is reported using a reagent platform based on P(V) oxidation state. This redox-economic approach can be used to append nearly any kind of cargo onto serine, generating a stable, benign, and hydrophilic phosphorothioate linkage. The method tolerates all other known nucleophilic

  使用基于 P (V) 氧化态的试剂平台报告了对天然多肽中丝氨酸残基进行快速、化学选择性和模块化功能化的第一种通用方法。这种氧化还原经济方法可用于将几乎任何种类的货物附加到丝氨酸上，从而产生稳定、良性和亲水性的硫代磷酸酯键。该方法耐受天然存在的蛋白质氨基酸的所有其他已知亲核官能团。通过扩展位点选择性生物偶联方法的工具箱，可以设想各种应用。
• Chemoselective and site-selective peptide and native protein modification enabled by aldehyde auto-oxidation
  作者：Landa Purushottam、Srinivasa Rao Adusumalli、Maheshwerreddy Chilamari、Vishal Rai

  DOI：10.1039/c6cc09555k

  日期：——

  We report a chemoselective and site-selective formylation of ε-amine in native proteins. The aldehyde auto-oxidation re-routing, regulated generation of formate, and reversible N-terminus protection drive the transformation. It labels a...

  我们报道了天然蛋白质中ε-胺的化学选择性和位点选择性甲酰化。醛的自动氧化路线，可调节的甲酸盐生成和可逆的N末端保护作用推动了这一转变。它标记了...
• Impact of Chain Length on Antibacterial Activity and Hemocompatibility of Quaternary <i>N</i>-Alkyl and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkyl Chitosan Derivatives
  作者：Priyanka Sahariah、Berglind E. Benediktssdóttir、Martha Á. Hjálmarsdóttir、Olafur E. Sigurjonsson、Kasper K. Sørensen、Mikkel B. Thygesen、Knud J. Jensen、Már Másson

  DOI：10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00163

  日期：2015.5.11

  method for chemical modification of chitosan biopolymers by reductive amination to yield N,N-dialkyl chitosan derivatives was developed. The use of 3,6-O-di-tert-butyldimethylsilylchitosan as a precursor enabled the first 100% disubstitution of the amino groups with long alkyl chains. The corresponding mono N-alkyl derivatives were also synthesized, and all the alkyl compounds were then quaternized using

  开发了一种通过还原胺化来化学合成壳聚糖生物聚合物以产生N，N-二烷基壳聚糖衍生物的高效方法。使用3，6- O-二叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基壳聚糖作为前体可以使具有长烷基链的氨基发生头100％的分解。还合成了相应的单N-烷基衍生物，然后使用优化程序将所有烷基化合物季铵化。这些定义良好的衍生物进行了研究针对革兰氏阳性抗菌活性的金黄色葡萄球菌，粪肠球菌，和革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌，铜绿假单胞菌，这可能与烷基链的长度有关，但顺序取决于细菌菌株。发现对人红细胞和人上皮Caco-2细胞的毒性与烷基链的长度成正比。发现活性最高的壳聚糖衍生物比季铵消毒剂十六烷基吡啶氯化物和苯扎氯铵以及抗菌肽蜂毒肽和LL-37具有更高的杀灭细菌选择性。